Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What percentage of all known species of animals are invertebrates?
A
95%
2
Q
Discuss the evidence of the evolution of multicellularity in animals.
A
Choanoflagellates are protist that are unicellular and some are multicellular that form colanies in which cells specialize to perform different functions. Choanoflagellates cell are almost simular to the choanocytes or collar cells of sponges. The collar cells have been ientifies in other animsla including enchinoderm,flatworms and cnidarians. DNA sequencing data indicate that choanoflagellates and animals are sister groups
3
Q
Describe how a sponge feeds.
A
Water is going to flow in through pores along with micorganisms
4
Q
Why are sponges being researched for various medicines?
A
Many have antibacterial and cancer fighting properties
5
Q
What is one of the oldest groups of eumetazoans and give at least two examples?
A
Cnidarians ( Jelly fish, corals, hydras , box jelly fish, Anemone)
6
Q
What are the two basic body plans that these organisms can have?
A
Polyp and Medusa
7
Q
How do these organisms catch prey?
A
Cnidarians have specialized cells cnidocytes unique cells that function in defense and capture prey
8
Q
These animals were among the first ______
A
Motile Preditors
9
Q
All of the more recently evolved animals are in the clade _____because the primarily develop ____
A
Bilateria because the primarily develop Bilateral symmetry
10
Q
Which clade exhibits the most diverse body plans and give six examples of animals found within it
A
Lophotrochozoa (flatworms,flukes,tapeworm,leeches,molluses,octopus,calm,planarians,rotifers, brachipods,snails, slugs chitin)
11
Q
Why are we worried about molluscs?
A
Extintion rate is higher than any other animal
12
Q
What is the most species-rich animal group and what do all members of this group do?
A
Ecdysozoa. They molt through a process called ecdysis
13
Q
What is trichinosis?
A
A Parasites from eating raw pork
14
Q
Arthropods represent _____ out of _______ every known animal species
A
2 out of 3
15
Q
What are the three characteristics of an arthropod body plan?
A
Segmented body
hard exoskeleton
jointed appendages
16
Q
How long does this body plan date back to?
A
535-525 millions years
17
Q
Arthropod evolution is characterized by the decrease in 1 and an increase in 2
A
- Number of segments
- appendage specialization
18
Q
An arthropod exoskeleton is made of ________
A
Proteins and Chintin
19
Q
What is one well-known marine cheliceriform that is still alive today?
A
Horseshoe crab
20
Q
Name four other chelicerates
A
Spiders, sea spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
21
Q
What subphylum has more species than all other forms of life combined?
A
Hexapoda
22
Q
What influenced the evolution of flight in many insect orders?
A
Feeding on gymnospersm and expansion of angiosperms after gymnosperms started to decline
23
Q
Give two examples of the positive effects of insects and two negative effects of insects
A
Positive - Pollinations and Providing food
Negative - Carriers of disease and pests of agriculture crops
24
Q
List the six most important insect orders and examples within them.
A
Coleoptera (Beetles)
Diptera ( Flys)
Hymenoptera( Bees,Wasps, Ants)
Lepidopetera ( Butterflies and moths)
Hemiptera ( True Bugs)
Orthoptera ( crickets, grasshopers)
25
List five crustaceans.
Shrimp, crabs, lobster, crawfish, Branicals, krill, Isopds,
26
. List three echinoderms.
Sea cucumber
star fish
sea urcin
sand dollar
Crinoids
27
Echinoderms and chordates constitute the clade \_\_\_\_\_\_
Deutrerostomia
28
T/F The chordate group consist only of the vertebrate animals.
False
29
List and describe the four key characters of all chordates.
The notoocords is a flexible rod that provides skeletal support.
The dorsal hollow nerve cord is the develops into the central nervous system which is the brain and sinal cord.
Post anal tail provide properlling force of aquatic species.
Pharayngeal slits that have 2 differeent functions feeding structure in inverebrate chordats and the gas exchange in vertebrates and develop parts of the ear, head an neck in tetrapods.
30
Why doesn’t this tunicate (sea squirt) exhibit any of these features?
The feature get lost in embrotic deveolopmet
31
Ancestral chordates may have resembled \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Landceltes
32
The same ___ that organize the ____ are expressed in the lancelet’s simple nerve cord tip.
**Hox Genes** that organize the **vertabrate brain**
33
. What enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and feeding behaviors?
The origin of the head
34
What is the collection of cells near the dorsal margins in the closing neural tube in an embryo and what do these cells do?
Neyral crest and they give raise to structure to bone and cartilage of the skull
35
What is the most basal living group of craniates?
Hagfish
36
What is the most basal living group of vertebrates?
Lampreys
37
Where in the vertebrate organism does the mineralization of bone appear to have occurred first?
The mouth (teeth)
38
What are vertebrates called that have jaws and list the seven main groups
Gnathostomes ( sharks, ray finned fish, lobe-finned fish,amphibians,reptiltes(including birds),mammals
39
What is a character of these organisms that enhances smell and vision?
Enlarged forbrain
40
What group are the oldest living vertebrates with jaws and why are we worried about them?
Chondrichthyans and were are worried because popuation delcine 95% in the pacific ocean
41
The vast majority of vertebrates with jaws (including you) belong to the clade called
Osteichthyas
42
. What do nearly all members of this clade have?
Bony endoskeleton
43
What class are all of these organisms in?
Actinoptergii
44
What clade are these organisms in?
Sarcopterygii
45
Around 365 million years ago, one of the most significant events in vertebrate history was when
lobed- fin evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods
46
Name at least one derived character of tetrapods
4 limbs and feet digit
Neck
Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
Absence of gills ( expect aquatic species)
Ears
47
What are four fish/tetrapod characteristics that Tiktaalik had?
Flat skull
eyes on top of skull
shoulder bones
neck
ribs
fin skeleton
arm bone with similar patterns with tetropods limbs
48
What does “amphibian” mean and what is that word referring to?
Both ways of life and Metramorphosis
49
Most amphibians have moist skin that complements the lungs in \_\_\_\_\_
Gas exchange
50
Discuss the two main adaptations in the group called the amniotes
Amniotes eggs - contains the ,membrane and feeds and protects the embryo
Impermeable skin- that allows them to live in dryer enviroments
51
Fill in the blanks in the reptile phylogenetic tree
1. Turtles
2. Crocidilains
3. Birds
4. Squamats
5. Tuataras
52
What is the other living lineage/class of amniotes and how many species are there approximately?
mammals about 6400 species
53
List at least 3 derived characters of this class.
Hair
Differentiated teeth
larger brain
mammary glad ( produce milk)
54
What did this skull belong to and what is the purple opening called?
Early synapsid and Temporal fenestra
55
Describe the lifestyle of early mammal ancestors.
They were small and fed on insect at night. Their bones show that they grew daster then other synapsids.
56
When did significant adaptive radiation in mammals occur?
After the Cretaceous extintion
57
What are the three living lineages of mammals and give one example of each.
Monotremes-platypus
Marsupials - kangaroos
Placential - elephant
58
What does Australia have a lot of and why?
Marsupials becuase Australia has not been in contact with another continent since early in Cenozoic era 66 million years ago
59
List at least 4 placental mammal groups and examples within them
Canivora ( dogs, bears,cats, wolfs)
Cetaceans( whales, dolphins)
Marsupialia ( kanagroos)
Primates( monkeys)
Chiroptera(bats)
Rodentia ( rats)
60
List at least two derived characters of primates.
A large brain and short jaws
Foward looking eyes
A fully opposable thumb
61
What are the three main living groups of primates?
Lemurs, Tarsuers, Anthropoids
62
According to this phylogenetic tree, when did monkeys and apes diverge from other primates?
55 million years
63
When did apes diverge from Old World monkeys?
25 million years
64
How much of the human genome and the chimpanzee genome are identical?
99%
65
. How many species of extinct hominins have been discovered?
25 species
66
Correct these two misconceptions regarding human evolution:
1) Early hominins were chimpanzees. 2) Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens.
1 Hominins and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor
2. Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species through only humans survie today.
67
Biological diversity is the product of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
branching phyogeny not laderlike progress
68
How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?
Form, function, behavior
69
Label the four (A, B, C, D) internal exchange surfaces in complex animals
A) Respitory systems
B) circulatory systems
C) Excretory systems
D) Digestive systems
70
List the hierarchical organization of body plans starting with cells.
cells-tissues-organ-organ systems -organisms
71
What do organisms use to maintain an internal balance regardless of external environment?
Homeostastis
72
Discuss the two types of thermoregulation and which is more energetically expensive?
Endothermic and Ectothermic
Circle endothermic
73
List at least two adaptations that help animals thermoregulate.
Insulation
Circulatory adaptaions
Cooling by evaporate heat loss
Behavioral responses
Ajusting metabolic heat production
74
Define ecology.
is the scientic study of the interactions between organisms and te\he enivornment
75
What has the strongest effect on where terrestrial organisms live?
Th climate
76
What has the strongest effect on where aquatic organisms live?
Light and nutrient availability
77
What do seasonality, large bodies of water, mountains, and vegetation all have in common?
All afect the climate
78
As documented in regions around the world, the climate becomes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in areas where humans have cut down large forests and becomes _________ where humans have restored large forests.
**Hotter and dryer** and **cooler and wetter**
79
. Label the terrestrial biomes. (High mountains, Desert, Temperate broadleaf forest, Northern coniferous forest, Tundra, Temperate grassland, Tropical forest, Polar ice, Savannah, Chaparral)
1. Tropical Forest
2. Savannah
3. Desert
4. Chaparral
5. Temperate grassland
6. Temperate broadleaf forest
7. Northern Coniferous forest
8. Tundra
9. High mountains
10. polar ice
80
T/F Aquatic biomes show less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes
True
81
What are the abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms?
Temperatire
water
sunlight
wind
rocks and soil
82
What is the number of individuals per unit area or volume?
Density
83
What is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population?
Disperion
84
What is one method used to estimate the size of a population that can’t be easily counted?
Mark recapture method
85
Your team is studying black-chinned hummingbirds in the Davis Mountains. You capture and band 94 hummingbirds on your first trip. On your second trip, you capture 55 hummingbirds, 11 of which you have captured before. What is your estimate of the population size (N)? Formula: (N = sn/x)
S=94 n=55 x=11
86
Discuss the three types of survivorship curves and give examples.
Type 1- low death rates during early and middle life and steeply increase among older age groups. ( human provide good off spring care)
Type 2- steady rate of decline intermeiate with a constat death rate over the organisma life span(squriels, lizards)
Type 3- Lots of die offf in the early stage. They produce a lot of offsrings.( oak trees and oysters)
87
What are ecologists increasingly turning to for measuring reproductive rates in animals?
Molecular Tools
88
What is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain referred to as?
Carring capactiy
89
Which model provides a useful starting point for thinking about how populations grow and for constructing more complex models?
Logistic Growth curve
90
Label the type of reproduction in these two plants iteroparity or semelparity and describe what they each mean.
Tall- Semelparity - one time reproduction
Short -iteroparity-repeat reproduction
91
In community ecology, name and discuss the three types of interactions that occur between species.
competition- negativly affect both organism involed
exploitation- benefits one organism while harming the other
postive interactions- benefit one or both organisms without harming either
92
Of the 168 plots observed, which ones did the Minnesota Cedar Creek researchers discover were the most productive and resilient to environmental changes?
Higher Diversity
93
Label the levels of community trophic structure.
Quaternary consumer
tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
primary consumers
Primary producers
94
What are species called that have strong effects on their communities as a result of their large size or high abundance and why do they generally have community wide effects?
Foundation species have strong effect on theri communities as a result of their large size or high abundance
Examples( trees, desert shrubs)
95
In contrast, what type of species are not usually abundant in a community, but exert strong control on community structure by their pivotal ecological roles?
Keysone species
96
What are species called that create or dramatically alter their environment and give an example.
Ecosystems engineers ( beaver)
97
. What are the two ways that trophic levels can be altered?
top arrow - top down control
bottom arrow( 2lines)- Bottom up control
98
Label the blanks in this chart.
A. Chemical cycling
B. Energy Flow
C. Detritus
D. Deconposers
99
Which two types of organisms are the main decomposers?
Prokaryotes and fungi
100
What is the key measurement used by ecologists and represents the storage of chemical energy that will be available to consumers in the ecosystem?
Net primary proudctions
101
What two biomes are the most productive ecosystems?
tropical rain forest and oceans
102
What are the two nutrients that most commonly limit aquatic and terrestrial production?
nitrogen and phosphorous
103
Since 2000, what has been the main factor in decreasing NPP and driving forest fires in the Southwest United States?
Hotter droughts
104
What did the Hubbard Brook case study show?
loggines increases water run off and can cause larger losses of minerals
105
What do restoration ecologists do?
Return ecosystems to there predisturbance state
106
Discuss bioremediation
Is using organisms like prokaryotes, fungi and plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems
107
Discuss biological augmentation and give two examples
using organsims to add essential nutrients and essential materails to degraded ecosystems
EX: adding lupines a nitrogen fixing plant and adding mycorrhizals sumbiots
108
What keystone species has been reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and restored physical structures and plant communities that were devastated after it was exterminated
Grey Wolf
109
What is the discipline that integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to conserve the diversity of life on Earth?
conservation biology
110
The current rate of extinction is somewhere between __________ and ___________ times the “background” rate.
100 and 1000
111
What are the three levels of biodiversity?
genetic diversity
species diverstiy
ecosystem diversity
112
List at least two of the benefits/ecosystem services that biodiversity provides us
Cancer fixing properties
Erosion Reudctions
water quality improvement
Sources of food and medicines
fish habiat
flood mitigation
climate chang miltigation
113
What are the four main threats to biodiversity and which is the greatest?
habitat loss, introduced species, overharvasting and global change
