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Test 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What percentage of all known species of animals are invertebrates?

A

95%

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2
Q

Discuss the evidence of the evolution of multicellularity in animals.

A

Choanoflagellates are protist that are unicellular and some are multicellular that form colanies in which cells specialize to perform different functions. Choanoflagellates cell are almost simular to the choanocytes or collar cells of sponges. The collar cells have been ientifies in other animsla including enchinoderm,flatworms and cnidarians. DNA sequencing data indicate that choanoflagellates and animals are sister groups

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3
Q

Describe how a sponge feeds.

A

Water is going to flow in through pores along with micorganisms

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4
Q

Why are sponges being researched for various medicines?

A

Many have antibacterial and cancer fighting properties

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5
Q

What is one of the oldest groups of eumetazoans and give at least two examples?

A

Cnidarians ( Jelly fish, corals, hydras , box jelly fish, Anemone)

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6
Q

What are the two basic body plans that these organisms can have?

A

Polyp and Medusa

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7
Q

How do these organisms catch prey?

A

Cnidarians have specialized cells cnidocytes unique cells that function in defense and capture prey

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8
Q

These animals were among the first ______

A

Motile Preditors

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9
Q

All of the more recently evolved animals are in the clade _____because the primarily develop ____

A

Bilateria because the primarily develop Bilateral symmetry

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10
Q

Which clade exhibits the most diverse body plans and give six examples of animals found within it

A

Lophotrochozoa (flatworms,flukes,tapeworm,leeches,molluses,octopus,calm,planarians,rotifers, brachipods,snails, slugs chitin)

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11
Q

Why are we worried about molluscs?

A

Extintion rate is higher than any other animal

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12
Q

What is the most species-rich animal group and what do all members of this group do?

A

Ecdysozoa. They molt through a process called ecdysis

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13
Q

What is trichinosis?

A

A Parasites from eating raw pork

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14
Q

Arthropods represent _____ out of _______ every known animal species

A

2 out of 3

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15
Q

What are the three characteristics of an arthropod body plan?

A

Segmented body

hard exoskeleton

jointed appendages

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16
Q

How long does this body plan date back to?

A

535-525 millions years

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17
Q

Arthropod evolution is characterized by the decrease in 1 and an increase in 2

A
  1. Number of segments
  2. appendage specialization
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18
Q

An arthropod exoskeleton is made of ________

A

Proteins and Chintin

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19
Q

What is one well-known marine cheliceriform that is still alive today?

A

Horseshoe crab

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20
Q

Name four other chelicerates

A

Spiders, sea spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

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21
Q

What subphylum has more species than all other forms of life combined?

A

Hexapoda

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22
Q

What influenced the evolution of flight in many insect orders?

A

Feeding on gymnospersm and expansion of angiosperms after gymnosperms started to decline

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23
Q

Give two examples of the positive effects of insects and two negative effects of insects

A

Positive - Pollinations and Providing food

Negative - Carriers of disease and pests of agriculture crops

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24
Q

List the six most important insect orders and examples within them.

A

Coleoptera (Beetles)

Diptera ( Flys)

Hymenoptera( Bees,Wasps, Ants)

Lepidopetera ( Butterflies and moths)

Hemiptera ( True Bugs)

Orthoptera ( crickets, grasshopers)

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25
Q

List five crustaceans.

A

Shrimp, crabs, lobster, crawfish, Branicals, krill, Isopds,

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26
Q

. List three echinoderms.

A

Sea cucumber

star fish

sea urcin

sand dollar

Crinoids

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27
Q

Echinoderms and chordates constitute the clade ______

A

Deutrerostomia

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28
Q

T/F The chordate group consist only of the vertebrate animals.

A

False

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29
Q

List and describe the four key characters of all chordates.

A

The notoocords is a flexible rod that provides skeletal support.

The dorsal hollow nerve cord is the develops into the central nervous system which is the brain and sinal cord.

Post anal tail provide properlling force of aquatic species.

Pharayngeal slits that have 2 differeent functions feeding structure in inverebrate chordats and the gas exchange in vertebrates and develop parts of the ear, head an neck in tetrapods.

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30
Q

Why doesn’t this tunicate (sea squirt) exhibit any of these features?

A

The feature get lost in embrotic deveolopmet

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31
Q

Ancestral chordates may have resembled __________

A

Landceltes

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32
Q

The same ___ that organize the ____ are expressed in the lancelet’s simple nerve cord tip.

A

Hox Genes that organize the vertabrate brain

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33
Q

. What enabled chordates to coordinate more complex movement and feeding behaviors?

A

The origin of the head

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34
Q

What is the collection of cells near the dorsal margins in the closing neural tube in an embryo and what do these cells do?

A

Neyral crest and they give raise to structure to bone and cartilage of the skull

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35
Q

What is the most basal living group of craniates?

A

Hagfish

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36
Q

What is the most basal living group of vertebrates?

A

Lampreys

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37
Q

Where in the vertebrate organism does the mineralization of bone appear to have occurred first?

A

The mouth (teeth)

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38
Q

What are vertebrates called that have jaws and list the seven main groups

A

Gnathostomes ( sharks, ray finned fish, lobe-finned fish,amphibians,reptiltes(including birds),mammals

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39
Q

What is a character of these organisms that enhances smell and vision?

A

Enlarged forbrain

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40
Q

What group are the oldest living vertebrates with jaws and why are we worried about them?

A

Chondrichthyans and were are worried because popuation delcine 95% in the pacific ocean

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41
Q

The vast majority of vertebrates with jaws (including you) belong to the clade called

A

Osteichthyas

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42
Q

. What do nearly all members of this clade have?

A

Bony endoskeleton

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43
Q

What class are all of these organisms in?

A

Actinoptergii

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44
Q

What clade are these organisms in?

A

Sarcopterygii

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45
Q

Around 365 million years ago, one of the most significant events in vertebrate history was when

A

lobed- fin evolved into the limbs and feet of tetrapods

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46
Q

Name at least one derived character of tetrapods

A

4 limbs and feet digit

Neck

Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone

Absence of gills ( expect aquatic species)

Ears

47
Q

What are four fish/tetrapod characteristics that Tiktaalik had?

A

Flat skull

eyes on top of skull

shoulder bones

neck

ribs

fin skeleton

arm bone with similar patterns with tetropods limbs

48
Q

What does “amphibian” mean and what is that word referring to?

A

Both ways of life and Metramorphosis

49
Q

Most amphibians have moist skin that complements the lungs in _____

A

Gas exchange

50
Q

Discuss the two main adaptations in the group called the amniotes

A

Amniotes eggs - contains the ,membrane and feeds and protects the embryo

Impermeable skin- that allows them to live in dryer enviroments

51
Q

Fill in the blanks in the reptile phylogenetic tree

A
  1. Turtles
  2. Crocidilains
  3. Birds
  4. Squamats
  5. Tuataras
52
Q

What is the other living lineage/class of amniotes and how many species are there approximately?

A

mammals about 6400 species

53
Q

List at least 3 derived characters of this class.

A

Hair

Differentiated teeth

larger brain

mammary glad ( produce milk)

54
Q

What did this skull belong to and what is the purple opening called?

A

Early synapsid and Temporal fenestra

55
Q

Describe the lifestyle of early mammal ancestors.

A

They were small and fed on insect at night. Their bones show that they grew daster then other synapsids.

56
Q

When did significant adaptive radiation in mammals occur?

A

After the Cretaceous extintion

57
Q

What are the three living lineages of mammals and give one example of each.

A

Monotremes-platypus

Marsupials - kangaroos

Placential - elephant

58
Q

What does Australia have a lot of and why?

A

Marsupials becuase Australia has not been in contact with another continent since early in Cenozoic era 66 million years ago

59
Q

List at least 4 placental mammal groups and examples within them

A

Canivora ( dogs, bears,cats, wolfs)

Cetaceans( whales, dolphins)

Marsupialia ( kanagroos)

Primates( monkeys)

Chiroptera(bats)

Rodentia ( rats)

60
Q

List at least two derived characters of primates.

A

A large brain and short jaws

Foward looking eyes

A fully opposable thumb

61
Q

What are the three main living groups of primates?

A

Lemurs, Tarsuers, Anthropoids

62
Q

According to this phylogenetic tree, when did monkeys and apes diverge from other primates?

A

55 million years

63
Q

When did apes diverge from Old World monkeys?

A

25 million years

64
Q

How much of the human genome and the chimpanzee genome are identical?

A

99%

65
Q

. How many species of extinct hominins have been discovered?

A

25 species

66
Q

Correct these two misconceptions regarding human evolution:

1) Early hominins were chimpanzees. 2) Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens.

A

1 Hominins and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor

  1. Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species through only humans survie today.
67
Q

Biological diversity is the product of ________, not ________

A

branching phyogeny not laderlike progress

68
Q

How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?

A

Form, function, behavior

69
Q

Label the four (A, B, C, D) internal exchange surfaces in complex animals

A

A) Respitory systems

B) circulatory systems

C) Excretory systems

D) Digestive systems

70
Q

List the hierarchical organization of body plans starting with cells.

A

cells-tissues-organ-organ systems -organisms

71
Q

What do organisms use to maintain an internal balance regardless of external environment?

A

Homeostastis

72
Q

Discuss the two types of thermoregulation and which is more energetically expensive?

A

Endothermic and Ectothermic

Circle endothermic

73
Q

List at least two adaptations that help animals thermoregulate.

A

Insulation

Circulatory adaptaions

Cooling by evaporate heat loss

Behavioral responses

Ajusting metabolic heat production

74
Q

Define ecology.

A

is the scientic study of the interactions between organisms and te\he enivornment

75
Q

What has the strongest effect on where terrestrial organisms live?

A

Th climate

76
Q

What has the strongest effect on where aquatic organisms live?

A

Light and nutrient availability

77
Q

What do seasonality, large bodies of water, mountains, and vegetation all have in common?

A

All afect the climate

78
Q

As documented in regions around the world, the climate becomes ________in areas where humans have cut down large forests and becomes _________ where humans have restored large forests.

A

Hotter and dryer and cooler and wetter

79
Q

. Label the terrestrial biomes. (High mountains, Desert, Temperate broadleaf forest, Northern coniferous forest, Tundra, Temperate grassland, Tropical forest, Polar ice, Savannah, Chaparral)

A
  1. Tropical Forest
  2. Savannah
  3. Desert
  4. Chaparral
  5. Temperate grassland
  6. Temperate broadleaf forest
  7. Northern Coniferous forest
  8. Tundra
  9. High mountains
  10. polar ice
80
Q

T/F Aquatic biomes show less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes

A

True

81
Q

What are the abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms?

A

Temperatire

water

sunlight

wind

rocks and soil

82
Q

What is the number of individuals per unit area or volume?

A

Density

83
Q

What is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population?

A

Disperion

84
Q

What is one method used to estimate the size of a population that can’t be easily counted?

A

Mark recapture method

85
Q

Your team is studying black-chinned hummingbirds in the Davis Mountains. You capture and band 94 hummingbirds on your first trip. On your second trip, you capture 55 hummingbirds, 11 of which you have captured before. What is your estimate of the population size (N)? Formula: (N = sn/x)

A

S=94 n=55 x=11

86
Q

Discuss the three types of survivorship curves and give examples.

A

Type 1- low death rates during early and middle life and steeply increase among older age groups. ( human provide good off spring care)

Type 2- steady rate of decline intermeiate with a constat death rate over the organisma life span(squriels, lizards)

Type 3- Lots of die offf in the early stage. They produce a lot of offsrings.( oak trees and oysters)

87
Q

What are ecologists increasingly turning to for measuring reproductive rates in animals?

A

Molecular Tools

88
Q

What is the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain referred to as?

A

Carring capactiy

89
Q

Which model provides a useful starting point for thinking about how populations grow and for constructing more complex models?

A

Logistic Growth curve

90
Q

Label the type of reproduction in these two plants iteroparity or semelparity and describe what they each mean.

A

Tall- Semelparity - one time reproduction

Short -iteroparity-repeat reproduction

91
Q

In community ecology, name and discuss the three types of interactions that occur between species.

A

competition- negativly affect both organism involed

exploitation- benefits one organism while harming the other

postive interactions- benefit one or both organisms without harming either

92
Q

Of the 168 plots observed, which ones did the Minnesota Cedar Creek researchers discover were the most productive and resilient to environmental changes?

A

Higher Diversity

93
Q

Label the levels of community trophic structure.

A

Quaternary consumer

tertiary consumers

Secondary consumers

primary consumers

Primary producers

94
Q

What are species called that have strong effects on their communities as a result of their large size or high abundance and why do they generally have community wide effects?

A

Foundation species have strong effect on theri communities as a result of their large size or high abundance

Examples( trees, desert shrubs)

95
Q

In contrast, what type of species are not usually abundant in a community, but exert strong control on community structure by their pivotal ecological roles?

A

Keysone species

96
Q

What are species called that create or dramatically alter their environment and give an example.

A

Ecosystems engineers ( beaver)

97
Q

. What are the two ways that trophic levels can be altered?

A

top arrow - top down control

bottom arrow( 2lines)- Bottom up control

98
Q

Label the blanks in this chart.

A

A. Chemical cycling

B. Energy Flow

C. Detritus

D. Deconposers

99
Q

Which two types of organisms are the main decomposers?

A

Prokaryotes and fungi

100
Q

What is the key measurement used by ecologists and represents the storage of chemical energy that will be available to consumers in the ecosystem?

A

Net primary proudctions

101
Q

What two biomes are the most productive ecosystems?

A

tropical rain forest and oceans

102
Q

What are the two nutrients that most commonly limit aquatic and terrestrial production?

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

103
Q

Since 2000, what has been the main factor in decreasing NPP and driving forest fires in the Southwest United States?

A

Hotter droughts

104
Q

What did the Hubbard Brook case study show?

A

loggines increases water run off and can cause larger losses of minerals

105
Q

What do restoration ecologists do?

A

Return ecosystems to there predisturbance state

106
Q

Discuss bioremediation

A

Is using organisms like prokaryotes, fungi and plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems

107
Q

Discuss biological augmentation and give two examples

A

using organsims to add essential nutrients and essential materails to degraded ecosystems

EX: adding lupines a nitrogen fixing plant and adding mycorrhizals sumbiots

108
Q

What keystone species has been reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and restored physical structures and plant communities that were devastated after it was exterminated

A

Grey Wolf

109
Q

What is the discipline that integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to conserve the diversity of life on Earth?

A

conservation biology

110
Q

The current rate of extinction is somewhere between __________ and ___________ times the “background” rate.

A

100 and 1000

111
Q

What are the three levels of biodiversity?

A

genetic diversity

species diverstiy

ecosystem diversity

112
Q

List at least two of the benefits/ecosystem services that biodiversity provides us

A

Cancer fixing properties

Erosion Reudctions

water quality improvement

Sources of food and medicines

fish habiat

flood mitigation

climate chang miltigation

113
Q

What are the four main threats to biodiversity and which is the greatest?

A

habitat loss, introduced species, overharvasting and global change

Biology 2 (3 decks)

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