Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Describe Sars-CoV-11 pathophysiology
A
- Spike proteins
- ACE2 proteins
- Alveoli.
- type 11 pneumocytes
- ribosomes .
2
Q
Describe how Covid-19 mRNA vaccine work
A
- mRNA
- phospholipids
- mRNA
- ribosomes
- spike proteins .
- immune systems
- antibodies
- real spike proteins
3
Q
How many total point mutations has the Omicron variant acquired since its divergence from the B.1.1. lineage
A
Around 50
4
Q
What is the specific area called on the spike protein that both binds the virus to our ACE-2 receptors, allowing entry into the cell, AND is recognized by our immune system so that antibodies will bind to it, inhibiting entry into the cell?
A
Receptor Binding Domain
5
Q
How many mutations are found in this specific area in Delta?
A
2
6
Q
How many mutations are found in this specific area in Omicron?
A
10
7
Q
What is the one of the only other viruses that might have transmissibility similar to Omicron?
A
Measles diseases
8
Q
What is the main reason why Omicron symptoms appear less severe than Delta?
A
Upper respiratory paths rather then the lung tissue (Alveoli)
9
Q
According to the CAS paper reeference by DR. Campbell where exactly does the Omicron spike Protein appear to be evolutionary and specificaly desgined to bond? What does this imply about the variant’s development?
A
10
Q
Do current vaccines appear to decrease the risk of being infected by Omicron? Does Dr. Campbell think we can stop the spread of Omicron?
A
Research does not show that it decrease the risk
11
Q
Do current vaccines appear to decrease both the risk of severe illness from an Omicron infection, and in turn transmitting Omicron to other people?
A
vaccination continues to provide a high level of protection against severe disease and hospitalization linked to the Omicron variant.
12
Q
What are the three key observations about life illustrated by organisms such as this self decorating caterpillar.
A
- How well suited organism match up to their surroundings.
- The many shared characteristics of life
- The rich diversity of life
13
Q
Describe evolution in only three words.
A
Descent with modification
14
Q
Evolution can be viewed as both a ______ and a _____.
A
Pattern and a Process
15
Q
Aristole viewed species as________
A
Fixed and Unchanging
16
Q
What did paleontologist George Cuvier notice about fossils from older strata.
A
The older the strata the more dissumilar fossils were current life forms.
17
Q
Name the two geologist that proposed that earths geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanism that are operating today as they were in the past.
A
James Hutton and Charles Lyell
18
Q
Darwin agreed that if geologic change result from slow, continuos action rather than from sudden events, then the Earth must be______
A
much older than the widely accepted age of a few thousand years.
19
Q
Who was the first person to propose a mechanism for how life changes over time through evolution.
A
Jean-Baptiste Lamarack
20
Q
What were the two widelt accpeted principles at the time, he used to explain his finding.
A
- Use and disuse
- Inheritance of acquired characteristics,
21
Q
Describe the now debrunked hypothesis he had about giraffes.
A
he asume that giraffes using there neck to reach up further towards the food soucre. The giraffes neck would longate the course of it life.
22
Q
Define Natural Selections
A
a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
23
Q
Define Artifical Selection
A
the process which humans have been using to modify species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired trait
24
Q
Fill in the blanks to theses obervations and inferences that Darwin used to support his idea of natural selection.
A
- Observation #1: Members of population often Vary in their inherited traits.
- Observation #2 : All soecies can produce more off spirng than their enviroment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce
- Inference #1: Individuals whose inheruted traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given eniroment tend to leave more offsprings thatn other individuals.
- Inference #2 : This unequal of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.
25
Who was the economist that helped Darwin see that the capactity to " pverreproduce" was characteristic of all species?
Thomas Malthus
26
Finish this though. Darwin reasoned that if *artifical selection* can bring about dramatic chane in relatively short period of time,*then natural selection*
should be capable of substantial modification of species over many hundreds of generations
27
Correct the most common misunderstanding about evolution
INDIVIDUALS DO NOT EVOLVE. Rather, it is the population that evolves over time.
28
Name and discuss the four pieces of evidence we have that support the therory of evolution by natural selection
Direct Observations
* Natural Selection in Response to Introduced Species
* Soapberry bugs feed most effectively when their beak length closely matches the depth at which the seeds are found within the fruit.
* Beak lengths are shorter in populations that feed on introduced golden-rain tree.
* The evolution of drug-resistant bacteria
* Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
29
Describe the difference in the word "theroy" from its meaning in everyday use to its scientific meaning
A mold that correlates data and is testable and holds up to additional expirements and observations
30
What do we now know about the theory of evolution by natural selection that we didnt kow during Darwin's time?
natural selection is not the only mechanism responsible for evolution.
31
What makes evolution possible
Genetic variation makes evolution possible
32
Fill in the Punnett square using the alleles that we are observing in our fast plant expirement and *_Label each of the genotypes._*
Picture
33
How many gene loci doesn it require to influence the phenotypic characters presented in an organism?
one or many
34
Why are many of the genetic variations exhibited in the mRNA not going to result in phenotypic variation
because they are on the introns and not on the exon
35
What do the formation of new alleles, the altering of gene number or position, rapid reproduction, and sexual reproduction all have in common?
all sources of genetic varaiation
36
What is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring?
Population
37
What consists of all copies of every type of allele of every locus in all members of a population?
gene pool
38
A population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
evolving or not evoling
39
Name the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
1) No mutations
2) Random mating
3) No natural selection
4) Extremely large population size
5) No gene flow
40
If only one of these above conditions does not hold, then the population \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
is evolving
41
Name and discuss the three mechanisms that alter allele frequencies directly and cause the most evolutionary change.
1. Natural selecion- a bird with a small beak cant eat large hard seesds.
2. Genetic dirift - **Founder effect** – when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population.- **Bottleneck effect** – a sudden change in the environment, such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population.
3. Gene Flow the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.
42
What is the form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
sexual selection
43
This can lead to sexual dimorphism. What does that mean?
a difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species
44
What is the form of natural selection where individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex, also called mate choice?
intersexual selection
45
What is the form of natural selection where individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex?
Intrasexual selection
46
What is it called when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have a greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes?
Heterozygote advantage
47
Describe an example of this using this image.
![]()
Heterozygote advantage silcak cell aniemia
48
What is microevolution?
changes in allele frequency in a population over time.
49
What is macroevolution?
refers to the broad pattern of evolutionary change above the species level
50
What states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring?
The biological species concept
51
Reproductive isolation can be classified by whether barriers act _______________ or _______________ fertilization. What are these two classifications?
1. Before or After
2. Postzygotic and prezygotic barriers
52
Two species encounter each other rarely, or not all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
habitat isolations
53
Species that breed at different times of day, different seasons, or different years =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Temporal Isolation
54
Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Behavioral Isolation
55
Morphological differences prevent successful mating =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mechanical isolation
56
Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species =\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Gametic isolation
57
What are the last three post-zygotic barriers
1. • Reduced hybrid viability
2. • Reduced hybrid fertility
3. • Hybrid breakdown
58
During allopatric speciation, a population forms a new species while \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
geographically isolated from its parent population
59
During sympatric speciation, a subset of a population forms a new species without \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
geographic separation
60
Describe an example of allopatric speciation.
the flightless cormorant of the Galapagos likely originated from a flying species on the mainland.
61
During sympatric speciation, what are the three factors that reduce gene flow between groups that remain in contact?
1. • Polyploidy
2. • Habitat differentiation
3. • Sexual selection
62
Many important crops (oats, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, wheat) are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
polyploids
63
When closely related species meet in a hybrid zone, what are the three possible outcomes?
1. Reinforcement
2. • Fusion
3. • Stability
64
The fossil record includes many examples of species that appear suddenly, persist unchanged for some time, and then apparently disappear. These periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
punctuated equilibria.
65
Label the sequence of stages from 1 through 4 in which the chemical and physical processes on early Earth may have produced very simple cells.
Packaging of molecules into protocells
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
Origin of self-replicating molecules
Joining of the small organic molecules.
1) Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
2) Joining of the small organic molecules
3) Packaging of molecules into protocells
4) Origin of self replicating molecules
66
How long ago was the Earth formed?
4.6 billion years ago
67
What are four credible situations in which the first organic molecules might have been synthesized
1. 1953: Miller & Urey conducted lab experiments showing abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible
2. Instead of forming in the atmosphere, the first organic compounds may have been synthesized near volcanoes or deep sea vents
3. Amino acids have also been found in meteorites!
4. “Panspermia” What if life was seeded from extra terrestrial sources?
68
What was likely the first genetic material?
RNA
69
What is a ribozyme?
RNA that behaves like an enzyme
70
Describe an instance where RNA can make DNA through reverse transcription.
RNA in HIV virus using reverse transcription to synthesize DNA
71
How can we determine the absolute age of fossils?
radiometeric dating
72
What is the time required for half of a parent isotope to decay to a daughter isotope called?
Half life
73
What element can be used to date fossils up to 60,000 years old?
Carbon
74
What are some of the elements used to date older material?
1. Potassium
2. Rubidium
3. Uranium
75
The first three eons (Precambrian) – the Hadean, the Archaean, and the Proterozoic – together lasted about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
4 billion years
76
What is the last eon called, roughly the last half billion years that encompasses eukaryotic, multicellular life?
Phanerozoic eon
77
What are the three eras this eon is divided into?
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
78
What are the oldest known fossils and how old are they?
Stromatolites date back 3.5 billion years ago
79
What likely caused the early rise in O2 levels in the atmosphere?
cyanobacteria
80
How long ago do the oldest eukaryotic cell fossils date back to?
1.8 billion years
81
What does the endosymbiotic theory propose?
that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplast and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells
82
Describe the key evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory.
Inner membranes have enzymes and transport systems that are homologous to plasma membranes of prokaryotes
Division is similar in the organelles and some prokaryotes (binary fission)
These organelles transcribe and translate their own circular DNA with their own ribosomes
Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosome
83
The earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates that move slowly through what process?
Continental drift
84
What likely caused the Permian extinction (251 million years ago) that wiped out about 96% of marine animals species?
Intense volcanism in what is now Siberia
85
What caused the Cretaceous mass extinction about 65 million years ago?
Astroid off the coast of mexico
86
Scientist estimate that the current rate of extinction is _________________________ times the typical background rate.
100-1000 times a typical background rate
87
What is the evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor called?
Adaptive Radiation
88
Describe two examples of this type of evolution.
* Darwin finches being blown over from the south american main land to islands
* Mammals underwent an adaptive radiation after the extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs
89
What are Hox genes?
major switches that turn on the body plans of a developing animal)
90
Evolution is the result of the interaction between __________________ and their __________________ if environments change, an evolutionary trend may _______________ or even \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
off spring
Organism
cease
reverse itself
91
BONUS. What is the most fascinating thing you have learned about evolution so far? Up to 10 points for a good answer.
92
