Test 2 Flashcards by alyssa salles

What is the evolutionary history of species or group related species called?

Phylogeny

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Which disipline classifies organism and determines their evolutionary relationships?

Systematics

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What type of data do systematist use to infer evolutionary relationshups between organism?

use fossil,molecular and genetic data to infer evolutionarry relationship.

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What do we call the classification and naming of organism?

Taxonomy

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Write out any scientic name,besides Brassica rapa, correctly

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What are the two words that make up that binomial

Genus ans Specific epithet

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Write out the taxonomic hierarchy from broad to narrow.

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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This diagram to the right represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships and is known as a

Phylogenetic tree

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What are groups known as that share an immediate common ancestor? i.e., monitor lizards and Eastern glass lizards.

Sister taxa

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Circle the basal taxon in the diagram to the right. Why is it the basal taxon?

Becuase they diverge early in history

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Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic__________________________________, therefore it should never be assumed that a taxon evolved from ______________________________________.

Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic_Similarity__**, therefore it should never be assumed that a taxon evolved from **taxon next to it_.

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Describe the difference between homology and analogy

Homology- is similarity due to shared ancestry

Analogy- is similarity due to convergent evolution

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How do systematists analyze comparable DNA segments from different organisms?

computer programs and mathematical tools

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What is the discipline that groups organisms by common descent?

Cladistics

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A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and ______________.

A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

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Which type of group is recognized as the only true clade?

Monophyletic

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What does a paraphyletic grouping include and give an example.

an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

example: Reptilties

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. What does a polyphyletic grouping include and give an example.

various species with different ancestor

eamples: warm blooded animals

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What is a character called that originated in an ancestor of the taxon?

shared ancestral character

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What is a character called that is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade?

A shared derived character

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Construct a cladogram using these organisms and derived traits.

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What is the rule that assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characteristics) is the most likely?

Maximum parsimony

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When are phylogenetic hypotheses modified?

When new evidence arises

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What do four chambered-hearts, song, nest building, and brooding have in common?

shared characters in Dinosaurs, modern birds and crocodiles

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T/F DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively slowly and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago.

True

T/F mtDNA evolves rapidly and can be used to explore more recent evolutionary events.

True

What type of genes are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species?

Orthologous genes

What type of genes result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy of the genome?

Paralogous genes

Humans and mice diverged about 65 million years ago, and 99% of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Humans and mice diverged about 65 million years ago, and 99% of **_our genes are orthologous_**

T/F Gene number and the complexity of an organism are very strongly linked

False

How did we figure out that a specific strain of HIV likely spread to humans sometime in the 1930s?

A molecular clock

Describe the evolution of our understanding of classification and the tree of life.

Two groups: plants and animals initially then later five kingdoms were reconized. Then the most recenrly the three domains systems Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are based on our RNA sequencing that again evoles slowly.

What complicates our efforts to build a completely accurate tree of life?

**Horizontal gene transfe**r is the movement of genes from one genome to another

There are more prokaryotic organisms in a handful of fertile soil than \_\_\_\_\_\_

There are more prokaryotic organisms in a handful of fertile soil than **_the number of people who have ever lived on this planet_**

What is the difference between the cells walls of Bacteria and Archaea?

Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan,and Archaea cell walls contain polysaccharides

What are longer than fimbrae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA?

Pili (or sex pili)

There are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication, transcription and translation. Why is this a good thing?

antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth without harming ourselves

What form can prokaryotes take that allows them to remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries?

endospores

What do rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination contribute to in prokaryotes?

genetic diversity

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation, in prokaryotes, are all forms of what?

Genetic recombination

What allows for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria to become more common?

Natural Selection

What is dental plaque?

Biofilm

BONUS. Name as many archaea/bacterial groups, examples, and important/interesting points as you can think of.

BONUS. Write down as many examples of bacteria being helpful to humans as you can think of

Thermophiles Methanogens Lab 6

What is a protist?

A ekaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus

Most protists are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, although there are some colonial and multicellular ones

Most protists are **_Unicellular\__**, although there are some colonial and multicellular ones

Protists are the most \_\_\_\_\_\_\_diverse organisms.

Protists are the most **_structural_** diverse organisms.

Protists are the most _____ diverse eukaryotes

Protists are the most **_nutritionally_** diverse eukaryotes

Some protists are exclusively asexual, while most have sexual life cycles including __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Some protists are exclusively asexual, while most have sexual life cycles including **_Meiosis**_ and _**Fertilization._**

BONUS. Name as many protist phyla, or common name, or both, and something important or interesting about each of them, as you can think of.

lab

In regards to photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes in aquatic environments, we have noticed a trend that as sea surface temperature increases, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

In regards to photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes in aquatic environments, we have noticed a trend that as sea surface temperature increases, **_Biomass has declined_**

What is the compound found in charophytes that prevents the zygote from drying out and is also found in plant spore walls?

sporopollenin

Label the following phyla/characters.

Draw out the Alternation of Generations. 6 points minimum. EXTRA POINTS FOR HETEROSPORY AND POST FERTILIZATION DETAILS.

What is your favorite gymnosperm?

Why is water no longer required for fertilization in the seed-producing vascular plants?

Pollen grains are light enough to be picked up by wind or by insects and those carry the sperm cells to cite of the egg

What are the most recent, successful, diverse, economically/ecologically important group of plants on the planet today?

Angiosperm

Label this complete flower with all collective terminology. 14 points.

Describe double fertilization. 6 points.

1st sperm cell + Egg Cell= Zygote 2nd Sperm Cell+ 2 polar nuclei = Triploid endosperm nucleus

Describe 5 post fertilization details. 10 points.

Zygote \> Embryo T.E.N \> Endosperm Integuments \> Seed Coat Ovules \> Seed Ovary \> Fruit

What do these three groups of flowering plants have in common?

The most basal angiosperm lineages

BONUS. Name as many monocots as you can and name as many eudicots as you can

Monocots Grasses, lilies, orchids, leeks, bananas, shallots, onions, pineapples, agave, yuccas, sotol, palms, sedges, rushes Eudicot Oaks, sunflowers, cacti, roses, carrots, nightshades, mustards, beans, gourds, mints, maples, walnuts, citrus, geraniums, willows, etc

Pollinator-plant relationships are partly responsible for ________ of angiosperms and animals.

Pollinator-plant relationships are partly responsible for **_increase diversity_** of angiosperms and animals.

What is important about wheat, rice, maize (corn), potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes?

They provide 80% of the calories consumed by humans

Although plants are a renewable resource, plant diversity \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Although plants are a renewable resource, plant diversity **_is not a renewable resource_**

What are the two organ systems of the plant organism?

Root + shoot system

What is this cell type? Bonus points for additional details

Parenchyma Cells Bonus * Largest Cells * Stains Green * Have thin and flexible primary walls * Lack secondary walls * Are the least specialized * Perform the most metabolic functions * Retain the ability to divide and differentiate

What is this cell type? Bonus points for additional details.

Collenchyma Cells bonus * Slightly small with thicken corners * They have thicker and uneven cell walls * They lack secondary walls * These cells provide flexible support without restraining growt

What is this cell type? Bonus points for additional details.

Sclerenchyma Cells Bonus * Are the smallest * They are dead at functional maturity * Two type: * **Sclereid**s are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls * **Fibers** are long and slender and arranged in thread

What are these two cell types in the xylem of angiosperms?

tracheids and vessel elements Bonus * are dead at maturity * tracheids are found in the xylem of all vascular plants

What are these two cell types in the phloem of angiosperms?

Sieve-tube elements and companion cells bonus * alive at functional maturity * lack organelles * nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

What two tissues make up bark?

secondary Phloem + Periderm= bark

What tissue makes up wood?

secondary Xylem

Put these steps of water movement in plants in order from #1 - 4

Sucrose moves from the palisade parenchyma into the companion cell through \_\_\_

Sucrose moves from the palisade parenchyma into the companion cell through **_Facilitated diffusion_**

Once in the companion cell, the sucrose must then be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration in the sieve tube element through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Once in the companion cell, the sucrose must then be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration in the sieve tube element through **_Active transport_**

Now with an increasing concentration of solutes (sucrose) in the phloem, water moves across from the xylem, increasing the pressure, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Now with an increasing concentration of solutes (sucrose) in the phloem, water moves across from the xylem, increasing the pressure, and **_is going to push the sucrose in whichever direction it needs to go_**

What are fungal cell walls made out of and where else is this substance found?

Chitin and is found in the xoskeleton of Arthropods

Systematist recognize Fungi and Animalia as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Systematist recognize Fungi and Animalia as **_Sister Kingdoms_**

How old are the oldest fungal fossils that have been found?

460 Milion years old

BONUS. Describe the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots.

BONUS. Name as many fungal phyla, or common name, or both and something important/interesting about them

What is a lichen and what are they sensitive to

A symbiotic relationship between fungus and Algae. They are sensitive to air pollution

What is important about the fungal species Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

baker or brewer yeasts used to make bread rise and used to ferment the pops and the barley of beer and wine

What is important about the fungal genus Penicillium?

It is penicilin which is our first antibodic that saves countless lifes because its a antibacterial fungus

BONUS. What is the most fascinating thing you have learned about phylogeny and the tree of life, bacteria/archaea, protists, plants, or fungi? Up to 7 points for a good answer.

your choice