Test 3 Flashcards
What are the 7 components of an imaging system?
Pulser, Beam Former, Transducer, Receiver, Display, Memory, Master Synchronizer
Beam Former
Calculates all phasing (time delays for electronic steering/focusing)
Pulser
Distributes electrical voltage to transducer to produce an echo
Pulser & scan converter
Tells scan converter that contact has been made, time of flight timer starts
Pulser & CW
Sets frequency, controls PRP, PRF, amplitude of pulse
Pulser & PW
Freq. dependent on thickness & speed of crystal
Acoustic Power aka
Output power, transmit, output, energy output, output gain
Receiver Functions
Amplification, Compensation, Compression, Demodulation, Rejection
Amplification
Small voltages boosted to be stronger, controlled by gain
Preamplification
Clips large voltage spikes or amplifies very weak signals
Compensation
aka TGC, swept gain, depth gain
Compensates for attenuation due to depth; helps create uniform echogenicity
Compression
aka log compression, dynamic range
Ratio of the greatest to smallest amplitude the instrument can handle. Squeeze signal amplitudes into a narrower range
Dynamic range relationships
Inverse to compression. More compression = lower dynamic range = less shades of grey; less compression = higher dynamic rance = more shades of grey
Dynamic range of instruments
Transducer/receiver: 100-200
Memory: 40-45
Display/printer: 20-30
Demodulation
Change voltages into another form
- Rectification: Turn negative amplitudes to positive
- Smoothing: Avg. of signals
NOT user adjustable!
Rejection
aka suppression, threshold, filter, wall filter
Suppress/eliminate small voltage amplitudes to reduce noise. Filter key
Scan Converter
aka memory
Storage of memory from receiver; analog/digital
Analog
Infinitely variable; Great resolution but unstable
Digital
Discreet binary numbers stored in RAM; stable storage
Bit
Smallest form of memory; on/off
8 bits = 1 byte
More bits increase contrast resolution (more shades of grey)
Pixel
Picture element, smallest form of picture.
Voxel in 3D
More pixels increase spatial resolution
Preprocessing (7 examples)
Available as image is live, before storage in memory
Ex. TGC, dynamic range, RES/Write Zoom, persistence, edge enhancement, smoothing, fill in interpolation
RES/Write Zoom
Rescans the ROI w/ more scan lines to improve spatial resolution
Persistence
Frame averaging for a smoother image & lower frame rate
Edge Enhancement
Increase contrast (sharpness); useful for cysts
Smoothing
Filtering technique to reduce noise w/ averaging
Fill in Interpolation
Fills in mixing pixels due to diverging scan lines
Postprocessing (4 examples)
Changes in image after frame is frozen
Ex. Caliper placement, black/white inversion, read magnification, postprocessing curve
Read Magnification
Regular zoom
Raster Scan
Beam sweeps from left to right, then top to bottom
Interlaced display
525 closely spaced horizontal lines; odd lines written first, even written second
Lines take 1/60th of a second; 30 frames per second
Non-interlaced display
Lines written in sequence; 30 frames per second
HD Resolution
Over 1,000 horizontal lines, better spatial res.
Bernouili’s Principle
Inverse relationship between pressure (potential energy) and velocity (kinetic energy)
Pressure & velocity in stenosis
Before stenosis: High pressure, low velocity
At stenosis: Low pressure, high velocity
After stenosis: In between; pressure increase and velocity drops
Pressure difference & blood flow
Greater difference = greater flow = high velocity
Plug flow
Uniform velocity across the vessel, blunted profile
Occurs at entrance of great vessels
Laminar Flow
Ideal flow
Blood flows in concentric layers, velocity is fast at the center; bullet shaped profile
Disturbed Flow
Occurs a bifurcations, changes vessel size from small to big
Reynold’s number ~ 1500
Turbulent Flow
Chaotic, erratic flow pattern caused by stenosis or abrupt changes in vessel lumen
Reynold’s number ~ 2000
Spectral analysis = spectral broadening, color Doppler = mosaic, variance map = green
Pulsatile Flow
Arterial system, delivers high blood pressure from heart to capillaries. Controlled by changing resistance (vasodilation/vasoconstriction)
Sources of pressure in arteries
Heart & gravity
Systole
Contraction of heart, arteries expand & act as reservoir
Diastole
Relaxation phase of heart, flow dependent on resistance in capillaries
Dicrotic Notch
Separates systole from diastole, closing of the aortic valve
Phasic Flow
Returns venous blood back to heart, dependent on inspiration/expiration
Inspiration
Diaphragm descends, intra-abdominal pressure increases (stops flow of lower extremities to heart), intra-thoracic pressure decreases (allows flow of upper extremities to heart)
Expiration
Diaphragm ascends, intra-abdominal pressure decreases (allows lower extremities to flow to heart), intra-thoracic pressure increases (stops flow from upper extremities to heart)
Transmural Pressure
Difference in pressure between the inside & outside of the vessel; determines vein shape, changes vein shape from dog bone to round
Higher pressure = rounder vein
Calf Muscle Pump
Provides increased venous pressure in the legs; blood drains into venous sinuses
Hydrostatic Pressure
Weight of a column of blood from the heart to the point where the pressure is measured, mainly affected by body position
Color Doppler determines: (4)
- Presence of flow
- Direction of flow
- Qualitative data on reflector velocity
- Reflector variance
Reflector Variance
Differences in speed & direction between reflectors
Packet Size
of pulses per line of color; typically 8-30 pulses per packet
Larger packet size vs. smaller packet size
Larger: Accurate velocity measurements, increased sensitivity, worse temporal resolution
Smaller: Inaccurate velocity measurements, decreased sensitivity, better temporal resolution
Advantages of Color Doppler
- 2D info
- Facilitates the examination
- Provides info about flow direction, character of flow, relative (avg.) velocities, flow amplitude
Disadvantages of Color Doppler
- Poor temporal resolution (lower frame rate)
- Subject to aliasing (b/c of high velocities or low scale)
- Unable to measure exact velocity of flow
Qualitative Assessment
Color
Quantitative Assessment
Spectral analysis