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Psychology 1/2 > Test 2 - 'Visual Perception' > Flashcards

Test 2 - 'Visual Perception' Flashcards

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1
Q

Binocular depth cues

A
  • Retinal disparity

- Convergence

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2
Q

Monocular depth cues

A
  • linear perspective
  • interposition
  • texture gradient
  • relative size
  • height in the visual field
  • pictorial depth cue
  • accommodation
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3
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The binocular depth cue which arises as the brain compares and contrasts the two slightly different images obtained because of the distance between the two eyes.

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4
Q

Convergence

A

A binocular cue for depth perception. The automatic turning of the eyes inward as we watch and object approaching.

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5
Q

Linear perspective

A

A monocular (pictorial) depth cue interpreted by Leonardo da Vinci, that parallel lines appear to converge as they retreat into the distance.

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6
Q

Interposition

A

A monocular (pictorial) cue, in which objects further away from the observer are partially obscured by those in the foreground. Also called ‘overlap’ and ‘occlusion’

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7
Q

Texture gradient

A

A monocular (pictorial) cue, in which texture in the foreground is seen in more fine detail than that further away.

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8
Q

Relative size

A

A pictorial depth cue based on our tendency to perceive the object producing the largest retinal image as being the nearest, and the object producing the smallest retinal image as being the farthest.

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9
Q

height in the visual field

A

A pictorial depth cue that shows depth by portraying objects further away as being closer to the horizon.

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10
Q

Pictorial depth cue

A

A monocular depth cue used by artists to create a 3D perception of something that exists on a 2D surface.

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11
Q

accommodation

A

The process by which the ciliary muscles of the eye change the curvature of the lens to focus an image on the retina.

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12
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

400-700 nanometers

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13
Q

Rods

A
  • There are about 125 million in each eye.
  • responsible for vision in low light
  • peripheral vision
  • black and white
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14
Q

Cones

A
  • there are about 6 500 000 in each eye.
  • responsible for detail
  • colour vision
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15
Q

Electromagnetic energy vs Electrochemical energy

A

The electromagnetic energy (light energy) is converted by the rods and cones into electrochemical nerve impulses.

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16
Q

6 stages in the visual perception process

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Transmission
  4. Selection
  5. Organisation
  6. Interpretation
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17
Q

Reception

A

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a tough transparent tissue covering the front of the eye.

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18
Q

Transduction

A

The electromagnetic energy that we know as light energy is converted by the rods and cones into electrochemical nerve impulses.

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19
Q

Transmission

A

the next task for the rods and cones is to send the nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes.

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20
Q

Selection

A

We can’t possibly pay attention to all the millions of stimuli that enter the eye at the same time, so we pick out the ones that are important to us and pay attention to those.

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21
Q

Organisation

A

When visual information reaches the brain (the visual cortex), it is reorganised so that we can make sense of it.

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22
Q

Interpretation

A

This is the process whereby the visual stimulus/ object is given meaning.

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23
Q

Random allocation

A

A subject selection procedure where all participants who have been selected for an experiment have an equal chance of being in the experimental group or the control group.

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24
Q

Random sampling

A

a sampling procedure in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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25
Q

Convenience sampling

A

picking whoever is available at the time.

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26
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Dividing the population into categories and selecting at random in proportions equivalent to population.

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27
Q

Ethics in research

A
  • the role of the experimenter
  • participants rights
  • confidentiality
  • voluntary participation
  • withdrawal rights
  • informed consent
  • deception in research
  • debriefing
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28
Q

Role of the experimenter

A

The researcher must always act in a professional manner, making sure that the best interests of the participants, and of society in general, are met.

29
Q

Participants rights

A

Researchers must always maintain respect for the participants.

30
Q

Confidentiality

A

Participants must not be identified in any way in terms of test results, their involvement in the study or any other confidential data.

31
Q

Voluntary participation

A

Participants have the right to refuse to take part in a study. There must not be any pressure to take part in a study.

32
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

Participants have the right to leave a study at any stage. Regardless of the possible effects on the results.

33
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants must be given information about the study before they agree to take part.

34
Q

Deception in research

A

This is only permitted if the results would be confounded if the participants had much information before taking part in the study.

35
Q

Debriefing

A

Debriefing occurs after the completion of the sty and participants are told the results and conclusions of the study.

36
Q

Visual illusion

A

They are mistaken perceptions of visual stimuli. We may misjudge length curvature, position, speed or direction in a visual illusion.

37
Q

Ames room illusion

A

The Ames room illusion shows that we maintain shape constancy (of a room) at the expense of size constancy. The Ames room is not really rectangular, but because of our lifetime of experience with rectangular rooms, we perceive it to be bounded by right-angles. In fact the ‘smaller’ person is simply twice as far from the observer as the ‘larger’ person.

38
Q

Muller Lyer illusion

A

It involves the ‘misapplication of size constancy’. We mentally make a 3D from of each figure, using familiar features of buildings to do so. This causes the observer to perceive the arrow-headed line as the leading vertical edge of a building’s outer wall. We therefore perceive the feather-tails to be longer.

39
Q

Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis is a clear statement predicting how changes in the independent variable(s) will affect the value of the dependent variable(s). It is an educated guess.

Independent variable
Population
And
Dependent variable

40
Q

Independent variable

A

It is deliberately manipulated or varied in some way by the experimenter.

41
Q

Dependent variable

A

It is the property that is measured in the research.

42
Q

Extraneous variable

A

It is a variable other than the IV that could potentially alter the value of the DV.

43
Q

Experimental variable

A

The group of research participants which is exposed to the independent variable.

44
Q

Control group

A

The group of research participants which is not exposed to variations in the independent variable.

45
Q

Population

A

The group of people about which we wish to draw conclusions. E.g. Adult drivers in Melbourne

46
Q

Sample

A

The members of the population that have been chosen to take part in the research. E.g. 20 students

47
Q

Qualitative data

A

Refers to the descriptions of the characteristics of what is being studied.

48
Q

Quantitative data

A

Refers to measurement- numerical information about the variables being studied.

49
Q

Mode

A

is the most commonly occurring score in the dataset.

50
Q

Median

A

the score that occurs exactly halfway between the lowest and the highest score.

51
Q

Mean

A

the average of all the scores, calculated by adding up all the scores and dividing that total by the number of scores.

52
Q

Longitudinal study

A

a form of repeated measures design, where the same participants are investigated over a period of time.

53
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

a form of independent group design, where data is collected at one time from participants of all ages and different age-groups and compared

54
Q

Perceptual set

A

a predisposition to attend to certain aspects of the visual scene, or to interpret stimuli in a particular way.

55
Q

Influential factors of a perceptual set.

A
  • Previous experience
  • Context
  • Motivation
  • Emotion
56
Q

Steps of psychological research

A

1 Identify the area of research and form a research aim.
2 Collect information
3 Identify the research question and formulate a hypothesis.
4 Design a research method to test the hypothesis
5 Collect and analyse the data
6 Draw conclusions – accept or reject the hypothesis
7 Report findings
8 Test the conclusion

57
Q

absolute threshold

A

The minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to perceive a visual stimulus in ideal conditions 50 per cent of the time.

58
Q

Thresholds for each sense

A
  • Hearing: the ticking of a watch 6 m away
  • Smell: one drop of perfume in a large house
  • Taste: one teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 10L of water
  • Touch: the wing of a fly falling on the cheek from a height of 1 m
  • Vision: the flame of a candle 50km away on a dark, clear night
59
Q

Thresholds for each sense

A
  • Hearing: the ticking of a watch 6 m away
  • Smell: one drop of perfume in a large house
  • Taste: one teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 10L of water
  • Touch: the wing of a fly falling on the cheek from a height of 1 m
  • Vision: the flame of a candle 50km away on a dark, clear night
60
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Enable us to maintain a stable perception of a stimulus, although the image on the retina may change

61
Q

Size constancy

A

we maintain constant perception of an objects size, even though the size of the image on the retina alters as the object moves nearer and further from us.

62
Q

Gestalt

A

A German word meaning ‘good form’.
It explains perception organisation through ‘holistic’ theories, of which perception is achieved through top-down processing.

63
Q

The Phi Phenomenon

A
  • makes cartoons and movies

- one still picture after another gives us the impression of movement on the screen.

64
Q

Figure Ground organisation

A

the part of the visual field being attended to and focused on is the figure and its surroundings are the ground.

65
Q

Closure

A

we perceive an object as being whole, despite it being incomplete.

66
Q

Similarity

A

the individual parts of a stimulus pattern are similar in size, shape or colour.

67
Q

Proximity

A

the individual parts of a stimulus pattern are close to each other.

68
Q

Shape Constancy

A

an object is perceived to maintain its known shape despite the changing perspective from which it is observed.

Psychology 1/2 (7 decks)

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