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EAS 2600 > test 2 stuff > Flashcards

test 2 stuff Flashcards

1
Q

components or rokcs

A

minerals

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2
Q

tells us how rocks are formed, modified, what tectonic process they use

A

minearls

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3
Q

fine grained (rhylotie) forms a what

A

volcano

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4
Q

olivine and pyroxene are in the

A

mantle

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5
Q

garnet is schist suggests

A

metamorphism

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6
Q

5 important rules about minerals

A 
naturally occuring
inorganic
solids
crystalline structure
definable chemical composition
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7
Q

is coal a mineral

A

no

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8
Q

basic building blocks of minerals

A

elements

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9
Q

smallest particles of matter

A

atoms

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10
Q

how do minerals get destryoed

A

melting
dissolution in aqueous solutiosn
chemical reaction with other minerals

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11
Q

minerals with the same chemical arrangement but different atomical arrangment

A

polymorph

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12
Q

8 things to identify minerals by

A 
color
streak
luster
hardness
density
crystal habit
cleavage
specific properties
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13
Q

formed at lower pressures and temps than diamonds

A

graphite

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14
Q

strong bonds connect carbon atoms arranged in ____ in graphite

A

sheets

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15
Q

weak bonds connect carbon atoms between ____ in graphite

A

alternating sheets

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16
Q

native elements are minerals composted of

A

a single elemetn

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17
Q

silicates are the most common what

A

major mineral group

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18
Q

silicates contain _____ tetrahedron. and is the _____ class of rock-forming minerals

A

silicon - oxygen

largest/most important

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19
Q

carbonates are the 2nd most common what

A

major mineral group

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20
Q

carbonates contain _____ . has economic value and examples are _____

A

carbon / oxygen

examples = limestone, marble

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21
Q

____ elements compose most of the rock - forming minerals

A

8

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22
Q

most abundant rock forming minerals are

A

oxygen / silicon

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23
Q

common organisms in the ocean make hard parts out of ____

A

calcite or aragonite

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24
Q

one celled plant like organism

A

phytoplankton

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25
Q

amoeboid like organism (animal)

A

foraminifera

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26
Q

2 polymorphs of calcium carbonate

A

calcite or aragonite

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27
Q

identified deposits

A

reserves

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28
Q

metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit

A

ores

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29
Q

3 rock types

A

igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic

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30
Q

cools and crystallizes from magma, intrusive and extrusive

A

igneous

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31
Q

deposited at earth’s surface by physical, chemical, or biologic agents and then buried

A

sedimentary rocks

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32
Q

rocks formed by the transformation of pre-existing solid rocks due to changes in the temperature and pressure

A

metamorphic rocks

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33
Q

formed as magma cools and crystallizes

A

igneous rocks

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34
Q

rocks formed inside the earth are called

A

plutonic/ intrusive rocks

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35
Q

extrusive pyroclasts form in violent eruptions from lava in the air

A

volcanic ash, bomb, pumice

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36
Q

magic basal,t felsic rhyolite , e

A

extrusive igneous rocks

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37
Q

gabbro, granite

A

intrusive igneous rocks

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38
Q

classification of igneous rocks is based on rocks’s ____ and ____ ___

A

rock’s texture and mineral constituents

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39
Q

size and arrangements of crystals

A

texture

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40
Q

fine grained rocks have a ___ rate of cooling

A

fast

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41
Q

example of fine -grained rocks

A

basalt

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42
Q

coarse grained rocks have a ____ rate of cooling

A

slow

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43
Q

example of coarse grained rocks

A

diorite

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44
Q

has two rates of cooling because of two crystal sizes

A

porphryitic rocks

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45
Q

example of porphrytic rocks

A

granite

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46
Q

very fast rate of cooling

A

glassy / obsidian

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47
Q

4 compositional groups of igneous rocks

A

felsic
intermediate
mafic
ultra-mafic

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48
Q

example of felsic minerals

A

quartz
orthoclax feldspar
plagioclase feldspar
muscovite (mica

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49
Q

silicate structure of felsic rocks

A

frameworks

sheets

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50
Q

minerals of mafic rocks

A

biotite (mica)
amphibole group
pyroxene group
olivine

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51
Q

silicate structure of mafic rocks

A

double chains
single chains
isolated tetrahedrea

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52
Q

feldspar - silica

A

felsic

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53
Q

magnesium ferric

A

mafic

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54
Q

rising mass of magma that pushes aside crustal rocks as it rises through the crust

A

magma chamber

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55
Q

temp of ____ is required for partial melting of crustal rocks
and a depth of ____

A

1000 C

40 km

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56
Q

process by which rocks of varying composition can arise from a uniform parent magma

A

magmatic differentiation

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57
Q

the first minerals to crystallize from a cooling magma are the ones that are _____

A

the last to melt

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58
Q

process by which crystals are formed in a cooling magma and are segregated from the remaining liquid

A

fractional crystallization

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59
Q

example of fractional crystallizaiton

A

basaltic intrustion in palisades, NJ

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60
Q

shows order of crystallizations

A

Bowen’s reaction series

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61
Q

mineral composition of igneous rocks is influenced by what

A

crystal setting in magma

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62
Q

Bowen’s reaction s series from high temp to low temp

A

ultramafic (low silica) –> mafic (basaltic) –> intermediate (andesitic) –> flesic, rhyolite (high silica)

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63
Q

as magma temps decrease

A

composition of magma changes from ultra mafic to andesitic

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64
Q

underground igneous body

A

pluton

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65
Q

plutons are classified by

A

shape (tabular or massive)

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66
Q

intrusions are classified according to

A

orientation with respect to host

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67
Q

cuts across existing structures

A

discordant

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68
Q

parallel to features such as sedimentary strata

A

concordant

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69
Q

tabular, discordant intrusion (last stuff to crystallize out a magma)

A

dike

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70
Q

tabular, concordant intrusion

A

sill

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71
Q

largest intrusive body with a surface exposure over 100+ sq. feet

A

batholith

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72
Q

batholiths occur in

A

groups

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73
Q

smaller bodies of batholiths

A

stocks

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74
Q

batholiths frequently form the core of

A

mountains

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75
Q

sedimentary rocks make up about ____ % of all rock outcrops on land

A

75%

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76
Q

how does sedimentary rock influence economic importantce

A

coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron/ aluminium

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77
Q

process leading to sedimentary rocks

A

physical / chemical wearthering

weathering , erosion, transportation , depositions, burial compaction, diagenesis

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78
Q

lithifies sediment to make sedimentary rock

A

diagenesis

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79
Q

“detrital” solid particles, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone

A

silicastic sediminets

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80
Q

limestone, quartz (chert, flint), evaporites, (salt, gypsum) coal)

A

chemical and biological sediments

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81
Q

strength/ distance of transportation of sedimentary rocks affect

A

size, rounding,sorting of clastic particlse

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82
Q

short distance =

A

larger more angular rocks

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83
Q

long distance =

A

smaller, more rounded rocks

84
Q

low intensity of weathering

A

quartz , feldspar, mica ,pyroxene, amphibole

85
Q

medium intensity of weathering

A

quartz, feldspar, mica, clay, minerals

86
Q

high intensity of weathering

A

quartz, clay, minerals

87
Q

sedimentary rocks are produced through

A

lithification

88
Q

loose sediments are transformed into solid rocks

A

lithification

89
Q

precipitation or addition of new minerals cement sediment particles

A

cementation

90
Q

burial squeezes out water

A

compaction

91
Q

mud with pressure =

A

silt/siltstone, shale, clay, sandstone

92
Q

sand with pressure =

A

sandstone

93
Q

gravel with pressure

A

conglomerate

94
Q

organic matter with pressure + 90-120 C

A

oil, gas, coal

95
Q

features of sedimentary rocks

A

strata or beds, bedding planes separate strata

fosssils

96
Q

rapid despoitional events

A

graded bedding

97
Q

example of graded bedding

A

turbidites

98
Q

traces of animal activity, yields info on depositional environemt

A

bioturbation structures

99
Q

yield information on despoitional environments and current direction

A

ripples

100
Q

graded bedding is associated with _____

A

underwater debris flow

101
Q

laminated ____ typically have no oxygen

A

sediments

102
Q

“changed rocks”

A

metamorphic rocks

103
Q

changes to rocks occur in what state

A

solid state

104
Q

causes of metamorphism

A

internal heat of hearth
internal pressure of earth
fluid composition inside earth

105
Q

_____ and _____ increase with depth in all regions

A

internal heath and pressure of the earth

106
Q

______ gradient varies place to place

A

geothermal

107
Q

______ gradient is about the same everywhere

A

pressure

108
Q

temperature ________ with the depth of geothermal gradient

A

increases

109
Q

role of fluids

A

metasomatism

110
Q

the 3 role of fluids

A

introduce or remove chemical components
accelerate metamorphic chemical reactions
can alter mineral composition with little change in rock texture

111
Q

directed pressures/ high temperatures during mountain building

A

regional metamorphism

112
Q

what produces greatest volume of metamorphic rock

A

regional metamorphism

113
Q

occurs near a body of magma where changes are driven by a rise in temperature

A

contact / thermal metamorphism

114
Q

minerals are in a parallel alignment and are perpendicular to the compressional force

A

foliated texture

115
Q

contain equidimensional crystals

resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock

A

non foliated texture

116
Q

more metamorphism = more

A

coarseness

117
Q

formed under particular conditions of pressure and temperatures

A

metamorphic facies

118
Q

( grouping of minerals –>

A

mineral assemblages

119
Q

mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks provide info on

A

parent tock type
temperature (geothermometry)
pressure (geobarometry)

120
Q

non-metallic mineral resources are used for

A

building materials / industrial minerals

121
Q

examples of building materials that are non-metallic mineral resources

A

limestone and gypsum

122
Q

examples of industrial materials that are non-metallic mineral resources

A

fluorite, corundum, sylvite

123
Q

generated from hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions

A

metallic mineral resources

124
Q

examples of metallic mineral resources

A

gold, silver,cooper, mercury, lead etc.

125
Q

breaks down rock to smaller pieces

A

weathering

126
Q

transportation of a material by a mobile agent

A

erosion

127
Q

3 controls on weathering

A

climate
soil
time

128
Q

role of water in chemical weathering

A

hydrolysis

129
Q

atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in water to produce

A

carbonic acid HCO3

130
Q

this acid can dissolve rocks especially calcite / limestone

A

carbonic acid

131
Q

weathering of _____ such as feldspar removes CO2 from the atmosphere

A

silicates

132
Q

the most stable minerals like iron oxides/ aluminum hydroxides, and clays are the ___ point of chemical weathering processes

A

end point

133
Q

in Bowen’s reaction series: first minerals to crystallize in series ( olivine ~ 1200 C) are more ______ to chemical weathering than the last ( Quartz ~600 C)

A

susceptible

134
Q

ice has a greater ____ than liquid water

A

greater

135
Q

water in cracks freezes and expands ~ cracking the rocks

A

frost wedging

136
Q

when there are increases in slope steepness, there is more ____ and less ______

A

erosion and less chemical weathering

137
Q

physical weathering _____ chemical weathering

and chemical weathering _____ physical weathering

A

accelerates

accelerates

138
Q

chemical weathering is most effective in areas of ____ temps. and ____ moisture

A

warm temps and abundant moisture

139
Q

creates unusual and spectacular rock formations / landforms

A

differential weathering

140
Q

concentrates metals into economical deposits

A

secondary enrichments

141
Q

removes undesired materials from desired materials

carries desired elements to lower zones

A

secondary enrichmenets

142
Q

example of secondary enrichments

A

getting bauxite from aluminum

143
Q

Big export of georgia

A

kaolinite

144
Q

the interface in earth’s system

A

soil

145
Q

steep slopes have ___ developed soils

A

poorly

146
Q

flat to undulating upload surfaces

A

optimum slope

147
Q

direction slope is facing

A

aspect

148
Q

large increase in soil erosion. humans are incredibly effective erosional agents

A

farming

149
Q

what composes of the topsoil

A

o Horizon and A horizon

150
Q

what composes of the subsoil

A

B horizon

151
Q

layer with most intense biological activity

A

O horizon

152
Q

layer with leaching of soluble mineral compounds

A

A horizon

153
Q

layer of accumulation of fine minerals/ mineral precipitates (clays / calcium carbonates)

A

B horizon

154
Q

layer of regolith

A

C horizon

155
Q

rock and mineral fragmenets

A

regolith

156
Q

layers from top to bottom

A 
O horizon
A horizon
E horizon?
B horizon
C horizon
Bedrock
157
Q

how does sodium in soil work

A

most sodium (true soil) at top layer and decreases as it goes down

158
Q

rain water carries dissolved ions and clays downward

A

leaching

159
Q

causes reservoirs to fill with sediment / contamination by pesticides and fertilizers

A

soil erosion / sedimentation

160
Q

processes by which masses of rock and soil move downslope

A

mass wasting

161
Q

occurs when the force of gravity exceeds the strength of the material and it moves downslope

A

mass movement

162
Q

influences for mass wasting

A

nature of slope materials (angle of repose)

amount of water

163
Q

destroys particle cohesion and water adds weight happens when

A

saturation of material with water

164
Q

triggers of mass wasting

A

earthquake vibrations
rainfall / water infiltration
overloading

165
Q

flow downhill at a high velocity on a cushion of air

A

rock avalanche

166
Q

very slowly driven only by the tendency to move downhill

A

creep

167
Q

pore water pressure is to a high enough level to support the weight of soil and rock along a curved surface

A

slumps

168
Q

occur when fine ash is mixed with rainwater on the flanks of volcanoes

A

mudflow

169
Q

high rainfall induces

A

earth flows and debris flow

170
Q

causes fence and utility poles to tilt

A

creep

171
Q

slow movement in layers underlain by permafrost.

upper active soil layer becomes saturated and slowly flows over a frozen surface below

A

soil creep / solifluction

172
Q

an earth flow is ____ and occurs in _____. _____ may happen

A

rapid
humid regions
liquefaction may happen

173
Q

rapid flow of debris with water that is confined to channels and is composed mostly of volcanic materials called laharas

A

mud flow

174
Q

land area that contributes water to a river system

A

drainage basins

175
Q

separates drainage basins

A

divides

176
Q

factors that determine the velocity of a stream flow

A

gradient /slope

shape/size/roughness of the channel

177
Q

drop in elevation divided by distance traveled

A

gradient

178
Q

volume of water flowing in the stream

A

discharge

179
Q

rougher stream channels = greater turbulence = ____ avg. velocity

A

decreased

180
Q

straight of gently curved streams run like this

A

laminar flow

181
Q

factors that decrease downstream

A

gradient/slope
channel roughness
grain size

182
Q

lifting of loose particles

A

scour

183
Q

transported material by a stream

A

stream’s load

184
Q

a stream’s load is related to a stream’s ___ and ____

A

competence (maximum particle size) and capacity (maximum load)

185
Q

cohesive particles like clays require a ____ current to erode them

A

strong

186
Q

stream with lower cross-sectional area / lower velocity =

A

lower discharge

187
Q

sediment deposition occurs on the ____ of a bend

A

inside

188
Q

erosion occurs on the ___ of a bend

A

outside

189
Q

stream sediments

A

aluvium

190
Q

during deposition of a stream what happens

A

decrease in velocity
competence is reduced
sediment begins to drop out

191
Q

maximum particle size

A

competence

192
Q

maximum load a stream can carry

A

capacity

193
Q

form parallel to stream channel

A

natural levees

194
Q

areas behind levees may contain back ___

A

swamps

195
Q

lowest point a stream can erode to

A

base level

196
Q

local base levels can be

A

waterfalls

197
Q

uplift and river terraces are formed from

A

uplift

198
Q

valleys are shaped by

A

mass wasting
weathering
overland flow

199
Q

young river valleys are

A

“v-shaped”

down cutting toward base level

200
Q

in narrow valleys that are rapid, they can carry ___ than is being produced

A

more sediment

201
Q

in wide valleys, there is ___ sediment than ___ ___

A

more sediment than river can carry

202
Q

the stream is near the base level in this valley
downward erosion is less dominant
stream energy is directed from side to side

A

wide valleys

203
Q

form in streams with large variations in flow combined with high sediment land in glacial areas

A

braided channels

204
Q

type of drainage patters

A

dendritic
radial
rectangular
trellils

205
Q

most common drainage pattern

A

dendritic

EAS 2600 (4 decks)

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