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EAS 2600 > bullshit 1 > Flashcards

bullshit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

21,000 years ago the world was ___% of ice

A

30%

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2
Q

now the world is ___% of ice

A

10%

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3
Q

__% of world’s freshwater is stored in antarctic / Greenland ice caps.

A

75%

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4
Q

area where a glacier forms

A

zone of accumulation

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5
Q

area where there is a net loss of glaciers due to melting

A

zone of ablation

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6
Q

pressure of ice causes bottom to melt which lubricates it. Like ice skates on ice - whole glacier moves relative to ground

A

basal slip

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7
Q

head of a glacial valley, with nearly vertical upper walls and a flat or hollowed out base

A

cirque

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8
Q

sharp jagged crests along an eroded divide

A

aretes

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9
Q

U shaped valley occupied by an arm of the sea

A

fjord

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10
Q

all sediments of glacial origin

A

drift

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11
Q

material that is deposited directly by ice

A

till

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12
Q

sediment deposited by meltwater

A

stratified tilt

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13
Q

till is usually ______ and poorly _____

A

unstratified and poorly sorted

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14
Q

layers or ridges of till

A

morraines

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15
Q

types of till

A

lateral, medial, end, ground

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16
Q

examples of glacial Lorraine deposits

A

nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, long island

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17
Q

examples of depositional features from glacier deposits

A

outwash plain, kettles, drumlins, eskers, varves

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18
Q

when do drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes form?

A

after complete deglaciation

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19
Q

migration of plants / animals
rebounding upward of crust
wordlwide change in sea level
climatic changes

A

indirect effects of ice age glaciers

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20
Q

Variations in earth’s orbit were declared in

A

milankovitch hypothesis

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21
Q

what did the milankovitch hypothesis state

A 
shape (eccentricity) of earth's orbit varies
angle of earth's axis (obliquity) changes
axis wobbles (precession)
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22
Q

successful theory for glaciations must account for

A

cooling of earth and short-term climatic changes

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23
Q

proposed possible causes of glaciations

A

plate tectonics - continents arranged differently
changes in ocean circulation
milankovic cycles

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24
Q

sea levels only rise if

A

melting ice is on land

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25
Q

factors that affect wind / wave development

A

wind strength
wind duration
fetch

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26
Q

what must the wind strength be for the energy transfer to continue

A

winds must be moving faster than the wave crests

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27
Q

do winds that blow for a short time generate large waves?

A

no

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28
Q

the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without changing direction

A

fetch

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29
Q

how to describe a wave

A

wave hight, wave length, and period for successive waves.

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30
Q

velocity of a wave

A

wavelength / period

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31
Q

what happens when a wave approaches the shore

A

wave speed decreases, wave length decreases, wave heigh increases, wave breaks

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32
Q

currents that are parallel to the shore

A

longshore currents

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33
Q

currents that are perpendicular to the shore

A

rip currents

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34
Q

caused by wave impact and pressure

breaks down rock material and supplies sand to beaches

A

wave erosion

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35
Q

height of tides are affected by

A

earth-moon-sun alignment, shoreline configuration, tidal surge with storms

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36
Q

____ of waves stay approximately aligned with moons

A

bulging

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37
Q

examples of erosional coastal forms

A

sea cliffs and wave-cut terraces

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38
Q

what is the effect on beaches due to sea-level change due to warming/melting of ice caps and expansion of water in oceans

A

net erosion and loss of the beach

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39
Q

uplift of land or a drop in sea level

A

emergent coast

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40
Q

examples of an emergent coast

A

wave-cut cliffs / marine terraces

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41
Q

land adjured to sea subsides / sea level rises

A

submergent coasts

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42
Q

drowned river mouths

A

estuaries

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43
Q

submergent coasts have

A

highly irregular shorelines

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44
Q

why are coastlines different

A

tidal waves, wave heights, tectonics, coastal currents

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45
Q

study of ocean floor contours

A

bathymetry

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46
Q

how did bathymetry initially start off

A

heavy weight on end of rope

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47
Q

advances in bathymetry include

A

echo sounding
multi beam system
satellite altimetry

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48
Q

speed of sound in water

A

1500 m/sec

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49
Q

measured depth is less than

A

actual depth

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50
Q

multi beam systems essentially

A

mow the lawn

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51
Q

disadvantage with multi-beam systems

A

only 200 of them, would take around 125 years

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52
Q

what is used now for bathymetry

A

topex / poseidon

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53
Q

advantage of topex/ Poseidon

A

underwater features create gravitations pull on seawater and induce variation in sea surface height

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54
Q

3 major topographic units on the ocean floor

A

continental margins
ocean basin floors
mid-ocean ridge

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55
Q

passive congenital margins tend to have ___ continental shelf regions

A

big

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56
Q

marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf

A

contiental slope

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57
Q

the continental slope has a relative ___ structure

A

steep

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58
Q

found in regions where trenches are absent

A

continental rise

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59
Q

the continental slope merges into a more gradual incline which is

A

the continental rise

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60
Q

at the base of the continental slope, there are _____ ___ that follow submarine canyons that deposits sediment that forms deep sea fans

A

turbidity currents

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61
Q

extends from shoreline to shelf break

A

continental shelf

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62
Q

wide gently sloping (1:1000)

A

continental shelf

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63
Q

extends from break to rise

A

continental slope

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64
Q

relatively steep (1:40) (unstable)

A

continental slope

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65
Q

extends from slope to abyssal plain

A

continental rise

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66
Q

intermediate (1:100 to 1:700)

A

continental rise

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67
Q

deep, steep-sided valleys cut into the continental slope

A

submarine canyons

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68
Q

down slope movements of dense, sediment-laden water

A

turbidity currents

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69
Q

formed by erosion from turbidity currents

A

submarine canyons

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70
Q

continental slope descends abruptly into a deep ocean trench

located primarily in pacific ocean

A

active continental margin

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71
Q

what makes up half the earth’s surface

A

deep ocean basins

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72
Q

long, relatively narrow features
deepest parts of the ocean
associated with volcanic activity

A

deep ocean trenches

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73
Q

interconnected ridge system that is the longest topographic features on earth’s surface

A

mid-ocean ridges

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74
Q

takes up 23% of earth’s surface

A

mid-ocean ridges

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75
Q

thin sediment of mountainous chain of young, basaltic rock at an active ,spreading center of an ocean

A

mid-ocean ridges

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76
Q

along axis of some mid-ocean ridges are deep, normal fault structures called

A

rift valleys

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77
Q

flat, featureless expanses of sediment floor found between margins / ridges

A

abyssal plains

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78
Q

small, extinct volcanoes or rock intrusions near ocean ridges

A

abyssal hills

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79
Q

volcanic projections from ocean floor that are not above sea level

A

seamounts

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80
Q

chains of volcanic islands and seamounts found parallel to edges of ocean trenches

A

island arcs

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81
Q

found on ocean floor at mid-ocean ridges

A

pillow basalts

82
Q

sites where superheated water containing dissolved minerals and gasses escape through fissure or vents

A

hydrothermal vents

83
Q

range around 350 degrees C
play important role in chemical composition of seawater
discovered in 1977
very little dissolved magnesium is found in vents

A

hydrothermal vents

84
Q

seawater contains high concentrations of ______

A

magnesium

85
Q

as seawater circulates through _____, magnesium is removed

A

basalt layers

86
Q

circular, coral islands in the middle of the ocean

A

atolls

87
Q

deep sea sediment’s 2 main sources

A

external - terrigeneous (land)

internal - biogenic (formed by organisms)

88
Q

economic value of ocean sediments

A

oil / fossil fuels, salt, and phosphorous deposits

89
Q

determine shape / structure of the bottom of the ocean and shows chronological history

A

ocean sediment

90
Q

5 categories for sediment

A 
terrigeneous (land)
biogenic (organisms)
authigenic (precipitates formed in place)
volcanogenic (from volcanoes)
cosmogenic (from space)
91
Q

factors that control sedimentation

A

particle size and depositional environment

92
Q

strongly reflect their source and are transported to the sea by wind, rivers, and glaciers

A

terrigeneous sediments

93
Q

average grain size of sediment in the ocean is equivalent to

A

energy of depositional environment

94
Q

most important biogenic sediments

A

silica (opal) and calcium carbonate

95
Q

silica occurs in areas of abundant ___

A

diatoms

96
Q

foraminifera (calcite) is less ___

A

soluble

97
Q

pteropods (aragonite) is more ___

A

soluble

98
Q

dissolution is highest in ___ waters

A

deep

99
Q

dissolution is highest in deep waters because

A

high pressure, low temperatures, low PH (high CO2)

100
Q

“new” deep waters have ____ CO2 concentrations

A

low

101
Q

“Old” deep waters have ____ CO2 concentrations

A

high

102
Q

pacific deep waters are ___ than Atlantic deep waters

A

older

103
Q

abundant in pacific / south Atlantic oceans

A

authigenic deposits

104
Q

distribution of sediments in deep ocean depends on

A

latitude
distance from land masses
CCD

105
Q

in mid 1600s, concluded Earth was only a few thousand years old

A

James Ussher

106
Q

Created theory of the earth in late 1700s

A

James hutton

107
Q

the theory of the earth stated what

A

recognized catastrophes are apart of thes law

style of geologic processes have changed

108
Q

fundamental principle of geology “the present is the key to the past”

A

uniformitarianism

109
Q

determining when a geologic age formed relative to other geologic features

A

relative age

110
Q

determining when a geologic event occurred in exact units of time

A

radiometric ( absolute ) age

111
Q

oldest rocks on the bottom

A

law of superposition

112
Q

sediment is deposited horizontally

A

principle of original horizontality

113
Q

younger feature cuts through an older feature

A

principle of cross-cutting relationships

114
Q

rocks being “baked” are ___

A

older

115
Q

rocks containing another rock is

A

younger

116
Q

dikes cut through ____ rocks

A

older

117
Q

break in rock record

indicate a gap in time

A

unconformity

118
Q

missing time between horizontal sedimentary layer

A

disconformity

119
Q

missing time between two sets of strata that are not parallel to each other

A

angular unconformity

120
Q

unconformity between igneous or metamorphic rocks and younger sedimentary rock

A

nonconformity

121
Q

spontaneous breaking apart (decay) of atomic nuclei

A

radioactivity

122
Q

measures the amount of parent and daughter material is a

A

mass spectrometer

123
Q

how to calculate age for radioactivity stuff

A

of half - lives elapsed(half-life of system)

124
Q

half-life of 5730 years
used to date very recent events
produced in upper atmosphere

A

carbon - 14 dating

125
Q

greatest expanse of time

A

eons

126
Q

4 eons

A

phanerozoic
proterozoic
archean
hadeon

127
Q

divisions of time

A

eon –> era –> period –> epoch

128
Q

eras of the Phanerozoic eon

A

Cenozoic ~ recent life
mesozoic ~ middle life
Paleozoic ~ ancient life

129
Q

Urey miller experiment proved that amino acids can be produced how?

A

abiotically

130
Q

origin of ocean

A

water vapor condensed to form clouds and rain water that formed the oceans

131
Q

fossilized layered mounds

A

stromatolites

132
Q

Precambrian history composes how much of earth’s history

A

90%

133
Q

the Precambrian history is divided into the __ and __ eons

A

Archean and Proterozoic eons

134
Q

during this time, much of the continental crust was formed into cartons (larger blocks)

A

precambrian history

135
Q

might have proceeded pangea

A

rodinia

136
Q

this eon encompasses 542 million years

A

Phanerozoic hisotry

137
Q

this era was dominated by Pangea assembly

A

Paleozoic era

138
Q

what was before pangea

A

gondwana

139
Q

marked first appearance of life forms with hard parts

mainly restricted to the sea

A

paleozoic era

140
Q

insects / plants moved to land

first amphibians

A

paleozoic era

141
Q

much of the land is above sea level
sea invades western NA
pangea begins to break, west-ward moving NA plate overrides pacific plate

A

mesozoic era

142
Q

aga of dinosaures happened when

A

mesozoic era

143
Q

gymnosperms and dominant trees formed
reptiles were dominant land animals
during when did this happen?

A

mesozoic era

144
Q

Cretaceous - tertiary (KT) boundary (K-Pg)

A

extintction event at end of mesozoic era

145
Q

age of flowering plants (angio sperms)

A

Cenozoic era

146
Q 
unsaturated zone (weathered bedrock)
pore spaces in the material are filled mainly with air
A

zone of aeration (vados zone)

147
Q

porous bedrock (sandstone)
all pore spaces in material are filled with water
water within the pores is ground water

A

zone of saturation (phreatic zone)

148
Q

the upper limit of the zone of saturation

A

water table

149
Q

an impermeable layer of material (acquiclude)

A

aquitard

150
Q

a permeable layer of material

A

aquifer

151
Q

un-cemented, well-sorted, fractured -

A

more porous

152
Q

the way for space is connected

A

tortuosity

153
Q

large connected pore spaces =

A

high permeability

154
Q

small, disconnected pore spaces =

A

low permeability

155
Q

permeability depends on

A

grain size and packing

156
Q

____ material is more permeable than fine-grained sediments

A

coarser

157
Q

helps determine pore space

A

sorting

158
Q

defines connectivity

A

grain shape

159
Q

controls pore size

A

packing

160
Q

aquifer that has an aquiclude below

A

unconfined

161
Q

aquifer that has an aquiclude above and below

A

confined

162
Q

an ____ aquifer can produce an artesian well

A

inclined

163
Q

____ of freshwater keeps saltwater margin slightly offshore

A

pressure

164
Q

how does a steep-slope affect infiltration

A

much run-off , poor infiltration

165
Q

how does a gentle slope affect infiltration

A

little run-off, much infiltration

166
Q

how does heavy precipitation affect inflitration

A

ground surface saturated, poor infiltration

167
Q

how does vegetation affect infiltration

A 
sparse = good
dense = poor
168
Q

infiltration (good –> bad)

A

gravel, sand, clay

169
Q

darcy’s law

A

volume of water = cross sectional area of flow(permeable conductivity X (vertical drop / flow distance))

170
Q

larger vertical drop =

A

higher flow rate

171
Q

longer distance

A

= lower flow rate

172
Q

higher permeability =

A

higher flow rate

173
Q

hot springs are heated by

A

cooling of igneous rocks

174
Q

formed by dissolving rock beneath earth’s surface

A

caverns

175
Q

caverns are formed in the zone of

A

saturation

176
Q

calcite fizzes in ___ when it dissolves

A

acid

177
Q

when water enters an open cavern, concentrations of dissolved CO2 in waters ___ and calcite precipitates

A

drop

178
Q

cavern features are formed in the zone

A

of aeration

179
Q

stalactites -

A

hang from ceiling

180
Q

stalagmites

A

growing upward from the floor

181
Q

land features in areas impacted by cave formation

A

karst topography

182
Q

air rises at the equator due to ___ at earth’s surface

A

heating

183
Q

when air cools enough, water vapor in the air will

A

condense to form liquid rain

184
Q

where are deserts found

A

near 30 N and 30 S

185
Q

plays a role in formation of deserts

A

plate tectonics
climate change
human actions

186
Q

factors in how wind carries things

A

wind strength
particle size
surface material

187
Q

crescent shaped dunes, usually in groups, horns of crescents point downwards.
found with limited sand supply
concave downwards

A

barchans

188
Q

reverse of butanes, slip face = convex downwind

A

blowout dunes

189
Q 
long ridges oriented at right angles to wind direction 
form in arid regions 
surplus of sand 
absent vegetation 
usually behind beaches
A

transverse dunes

190
Q

long ridges of sand parallel to wind
can reach super high ~ 100 m
wind always in same direciton

A

longitudinal dunes

191
Q

deposits of wind silt
extensive blanket deposits
primary sources are deserts / glacial stratified drift

A

loess

192
Q

mounds and ridges of sand formed from the wind’s bed load

A

sand dunes

193
Q

the leeward slope of the dune

A

slip face

194
Q

sloping layers of sand in the dune

A

cross beds

195
Q

during chemical weathering in arid climates

A

clay forms

thin soil forms

196
Q

desert streams are called

A

wash, arroyo, wadi, donga, nullah

197
Q

flow only during periods of rainfall

A

ephermal

198
Q

desert streams are said to be

A

ephermal

199
Q

large knobs of bedrock projecting from a sediment filled basin

A

inselbergs

200
Q

interior drainage into basins of a desert landscape produce

A

alluvial fans / bajadas

playas and playa lake

EAS 2600 (4 decks)

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