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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Test 2: Special Senses > Flashcards

Test 2: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic senses

A

Tactile sensations; touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

Thermal sensations; warm, cold, pain, proprioception

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2
Q

Visceral senses

A

Conditions within internal organs

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3
Q

Types of receptors

A 
Classified by mode of activation
Mechanoreceptors - deformation
Thermoreceptors - temperature changes
Nociceptors - painful stimuli
Photoreceptors - photons of light
Chemoreceptors - chemicals in the mouth
Osmoreceptors - Osmotic pressure of body flu
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4
Q

Olfactory epithelium, cells

A

Olfactory receptor
bipolar neuron with cilia (olfactory hairs)
10 -100 million in nose

Supporting cells
Support and nourishment
Innervated by the facial VIII nerve to lacrimal glands and mucous membranes

Basal cells
Stem cells that replace olfactory receptors

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5
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Sensory pathways are rapidly adapting, decreasing activity by 50% in first second and completely accommodating in 1-2 minutes

1) Olfactory receptors in the Olfactory epithelium detect chemicals
Olfactory epithelium is located in nasal cavity, cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract lie above cribriform plate

2) Neurons extend into olfactory epithelium, send signal to olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I)

3) Olfactory nerve sends information via two pathways
Interpretation
Olfactory nerve -> Thalamus -> Olfactory areas of temporal lobe cortex and frontal lobe below orbits
Emotion
Olfactory nerve -> Hypothalamus -> Amygdala, other parts of limbic system

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6
Q

Olfaction compared to other species: dogs, bears, shark, kiwi, snake

A

Dogs-
Dogs have two air passages, one for smelling one for breathing
Dogs have a wet nose that captures scent particles
Dog nostrils work independently
Dogs have 40-60 times the olfactory receptor cells, an olfactory cortex 40 times larger
Specialized vomeronasal organ can sense emotion

Bears
Can travel 18 miles from a food source, 100s of miles for a mate

Shark
Great white has largest olfactory bulb

Kiwi
Have nostrils at the end of their beak

Snake
Use their tongues to carry the scent particles to a Jacobson’s organ

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7
Q

Taste sensations

A

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells are called tastents
Once dissolved make contact with plasma membrane of gustatory hairs

Five primary tastes
Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami
10,000 taste buds, decrease with age

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8
Q

Taste buds

A

Each is composed of ~50 gustatory receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells near base multiply and differentiate, first become supporting cells then gustatory receptor cells
Gustatory hair is a single long microvillus, projects from each receptor cell to surface through taste pore

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9
Q

Papillae

A

Elevations on the tongue that contain taste buds

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10
Q

Regions of papillae

A

Vallate papillae
12 large form row at back of tongue, house 100-300 taste buds

Fungiform papillae
mushroom-shaped, over entire surface, 5 taste buds each

Foliate papillae
Small trenches on lateral margins of tongue
Degenerate in early childhood

Filiform papillae
entire surface, contain receptors but no taste buds
Increase friction for food

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11
Q

Gustatory pathway

A

Three cranial nerves innervate taste buds
Facial VIII - serves taste buds in anterior ⅔ of tongue
Glossopharyngeal IX - taste buds posterior ⅓ of tongue
Vagus X - taste buds in throat and epiglottis

Nerve impulses: cranial nerves -> gustatory nucleus in medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> gustatory cortex of parietal lobe in cerebral corte

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12
Q

Gustation compared to carnivores, other species

A

Carnivores have fewer taste buds

Catfish have many, some species have 175k compared to our 10,000, chickens have 24

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13
Q

Features of external ear

A

uses air to collect and channel sound waves
ceruminous glands

modified sweat gland, apocrine, secretion mixes with oil from sebaceous glands to create earwax for protection

Curved 1” long external auditory canal

Leads to tympanic membrane or ear drum

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14
Q

Features of Middle Ear

A

uses a bony system to amplify sound vibration
Air filled cavity in temporal bone, lined with epithelium

Contains 3 auditory ossicles
Malleus (hammer) attaches to tympanic membrane
Stapes (stirrup)
Incus (anvil)
Transmit sound from external ear to middle ear
Tensor tympani attach and vibrate to dampen loud noises

Eustachian (auditory) tube
connects middle ear with nasopharynx (upper portion of throat)
children get more ear infections because their eustachian tube is not as tilted

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15
Q

Features of Inner ear

A

generates action potentials to transmit sound and balance information to the brain

begins at oval window
-connective tissue membrane, as the stapes rocks back and forth the oval window and round window oscillate
round window bulges out in response to pressure placed on oval window by oscillates
movement allows fluid to move in cochlea, which in turn allows activation of auditory receptors

consists of outer bony labyrinth and inner membranous labyrinth

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16
Q

Outer bony labyrinth

A

Contains semicircular canals

Ampulla - receptors for equilibrium

Vestibule - utricle and saccule

Cochlea - hearing receptors

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17
Q

Cochlea

A

hearing receptors
perilymph and endolymph fill its 3 different internal channels

scala vestibuli
Inner channel
perilymph

scala tympani
Outer channel
perilymph

cochlear duct
In between other channels
endolymph

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18
Q

Hair of inner ear vibration pathway

A

basilar membrane vibrates from endolymph, vibration moves hair cells of organ of corti against tectorial membrane, leads to bending of stereocilia, stereocilia are mechanosensing organelles, bending of stereocilia ultimately generates nerve impulses to spiral ganglion, cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

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19
Q

Cells of audition

A

Hair cells
Supporting cells
basal cells

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20
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Sound waves enter external auditory canal and strike ear drum

Vibration of ear drum cause ossicles to vibrate

Stapes pushes membrane of oval window

Movement of oval window sends fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of scala vestibuli

Waves transmits to scala tympani and eventually round window

Round window bulges outward in the middle ear

Pressure waves move into endolymph of cochlea duct

Basilar membrane vibrates
-various frequencies causes different regions of basilar membrane to vibrate more intensely than other regions, allows for discernment

Vibration causes the bending of hair cells / stereocilia in the organ of corti of the cochlea

Bending of hair cells causes generation of nerve impulses in first order neurons

Generates nerve impulses along cranial nerve VIII, vestibulocochlear

Nerve impulse travels along cranial nerve VIII, which transmits sound, balance, equilibrium from inner ear to brain

  • slight differences in timing arriving from ears to superior olivary nucleus in pons allows us to determine location of sound
  • primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
21
Q

Types of equilibrium

A

Static - relative to gravity

Dynamic - relative to movement

22
Q

Static equilibrium

A

balance relative to force of gravity

occurs in the vestibule
utricle, saccule
sensory hairs
otolithic membrane
composed of calcium carbonite crystals, rests atop hairs

when the membrane is moved according to gravity, the hairs trigger action potentials

23
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

balance relative to sudden movements
occurs in the semicircular canals
sensory hairs
ampula

crista (small elevation)

each crista contains hair cells and supporting cells covered by cupula, gelatinous material

With movement, cupla bends and nerve impulses are generated

24
Q

equilibrium nerve

A

Also uses cranial nerve VIII

25
Q

Hearing compared to other species

A

different frequencies, echolocation

26
Q

Three layers of the inner ear

A

Sclera (fibrous tunic), Choroid (vascular tunic), Retina (nervous tunic)

27
Q

Sclera

A

also includes cornea, transparent epithelium that protects front of eye

Sclera is the white of the eye

gives the eye shape, protects inner anatomical parts

Cornea is transparent, where light enters eye

28
Q

Choroid

A

includes ciliary body, iris
melanin prevents light from scattering inside the eye

Anterior portion has two structures
Ciliary body
secretes aqueous humor
muscle changes shape of lens to focus near or far

Iris
Colored portion of eyeball, controls size of pupil
Circular muscles in the center cause pupil to constrict
Radial muscles of iris cause pupils to dilate

29
Q

Retina

A

inner nervous layer
Sensory layer, converts light into nerve impulses
photoreceptors

lines the posterior ⅔ of the eye

consists of a layer of melanin pigmented epithelium that allows light to be absorbed rather than scattered

30
Q

Rods and Cones

A

Rods
Grey tones, more sensitive to light, excited in dim light, peripheral vision, low resolution images
Lose as you age

120million
Cones
Central areas, need bright light to be excited
3 types for red, green, blue

31
Q

Center of retina

A

Macula lutae in the fovea centralis
tiny pit in back of retina, exact center
contains only cones, sharpest vision
blindspot where optic nerve leaves

32
Q

Chambers of the eye

A

Anterior - between cornea and iris

Posterior - between iris and lens

Vitreous - between lens and retina

33
Q

Vitreous chamber

A 
posterior segment
large chamber behind lens
Filled with clear gel: vitreous humor
transmits light
supports back of lens
holds layers of retina in place
34
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Smaller chamber between lens and cornea
Filled with aqueous humor
Nourishes lens and cornea, replaced every 90 minutes
Focuses incoming light
Held in place by ligaments attached to ciliary body

35
Q

Visual pathway

A

After focused by cornea, then lens:

Light comes in, pigmented layers of retina focus light, rods and cones react to the color or light and synapse with the bipolar cells, horizontal cells

Horizontal cells can transmit inhibitory signals to bipolar cells lateral to rods and cones

Bipolar cells can transmit excitatory signals to ganglion cells

Ganglion cells become depolarized and initiate nerve responses

Nerve responses go up optic nerve (cranial nerve II)

Some axons cross at optic chiasm
Most optic tracts terminate at thalamus, synapse with neurons that project primary visual cortex in occipital lobes

36
Q

Lens

A

avascular, posterior to pupil and iris, transparent
attaches to ciliary body
consists of capsule with crystallin proteins arranged in layers

37
Q

Disorders of refraction

A

Myopia - nearsightedness, only near objects can be seen
Light rays are focused in front of retina, corrected with negative concave lens

Hyperopia - farsightedness
Light rays are focused behind retina, corrected with positive convex lens

Astigmatism - multiple focal points

38
Q

Accessory eye structures

A

Extrinsic eye muscle move eye

Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes protect eyes

Lacrimal apparatus produces tears
washes eyes, antibodies and antibacterial agents
Drains tears into nasal passages
Tears
lacrimal glands are size of almond, produce lacrimal fluid

Oil glands
protect against bacteria

Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane lubricates eyeball

39
Q

Color blindness

A

absence or deficiency of one of the three types of cones

red green most common

40
Q

Night blindness

A

caused by prolonged vitamin a deficiency
rods not working as well
also age

41
Q

retinal detachment

A

if you lose the vitreous humor, the retina can detach

medical emergency

42
Q

Macular degeneration

A

loss of vision in center of visual field, can’t recognize faces
happens to older people

43
Q

Cataracts

A

Opaque defect in cornea or lens
Caused by injury, medications, disease
principle cause of blindness

44
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctival membrane

45
Q

Glaucoma

A

Blockage to aqueous humor flow increases pressure inside eye

can lead to degeneration of eye function

46
Q

Hagfish eyesight

A

Hagfish don’t have cornea, lens, no melanin, wired to brain like pineal gland
Only photoreceptors, interneurons, ganglion cells
Cornea is continuos with skin

47
Q

Shark eyesight

A

similar to human corneas, cat eyes
layer of reflective crystals acts as a mirror to reflect incoming light
“second look”, but counterproductive in bright conditions - like cats

pupils dilate, are very dynamic

double cornea protects things

48
Q

Bird eyesight

A

some have two foveas
some diving birds have eyes that adapt very quickly to water with muscular iris
Owls only can see the color blue, can’t move their eyes
Pigeons have good color vision
Ostriches have eyes bigger than their brains
Eagles have very sharp vision

49
Q

Meissners corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles

A

Meissner’s corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, encapsulated neurons that responds to low-frequency vibrations and fine touch; they are located in the glabrous skin on fingertips and eyelids.

Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (10 decks)

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