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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Test 2: Skeletal Muscles > Flashcards

Test 2: Skeletal Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Arrangement of muscle, small to large

A

myoblasts -> filaments -> sarcomere -> myofibrils -> muscle fiber -> fascicle -> skeletal muscle

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2
Q

myoblasts

A

basic cellular units, fuse into muscular fiber with the help of satellite cells, which augment existing muscle fibers to form new fibers

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3
Q

muscle fiber

A

multiple nuclei, mitochondria, lots of ATP necessary

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4
Q

fascicle, coverings

A

multiple muscle fibers, endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber while perimysium surrounds the entire fascicle

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5
Q

muscle coverings

A

epimysium surrounds the muscle, tendons and fascia are extension of epimysium

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6
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

Creatine -> Creatine phosphate -> Creatine
Creatine -> Creatine phosphate creates ADP, relaxed muscle
Creatine phosphate -> Creatine creates ATP, active muscle
short intense bursts of energy

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7
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis

Makes ATP from glucose

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8
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

Makes ATP from glucose

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9
Q

Nomenclature muscle

A 
Rectus - parallel to long axis
Transverse - perpendicular to long axis
Oblique - on an angle
Teres - long and round
Brevis - short
Magnus - large
Major - larger
Maximus - largest
Minor - small
Minimus - smallest
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10
Q

Anatomical muscle classification

A

Red Muscle Fiber
high myoglobin, more mitochondria, more energy stores, greater blood supply

White Muscle Fiber
less myoblin, less mitochondria, less energy stores, less blood supply

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11
Q

Types of muscles (by energy)

A

Slow oxidative, fast and slow glycolytic

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12
Q

slow oxidative fiber

A 
red muscle fibers
smallest, weakest, slowest
high fatigue resistance, endurance
maintains posture
Most activities of daily life
aerobic cellular respiration
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13
Q

fast glycolytic fiber

A 
white muscle fibers
largest, fastest, strongest
low fatigue resistance
less mito, myo, blood
Anaerobic cellular respiration
rapid, brief contractions
weightlifting
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14
Q

fast oxidative fiber

A 
aerobic cellular respiration
intermediate thickness and strength
red muscle
aerobic and anaerobic
walking, sprinting
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15
Q

Parts of a sarcomere, thick and thin filaments

A

Z-discs separate sarcomere, boundary
M-line middle of sarcomere
A-band length of thick filament
I-band thin filaments at edge of sarcomere
H-zone thick filaments in center of sarcomere

Thin filaments
Mostly actin
Myosin binding sites located on actin
Troponin and tropomyosin
Thick filaments
Mostly myosin
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16
Q

Sarcomere change during contraction

A

H zone shrinks, Z discs get closer together, I bands both shrink

17
Q

Sliding filament model, calcium release pathway

A

The neuromuscular junction is where the motor neuron interacts with the muscle
Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate
The receptors allow sodium ions to flow into sarcoplasm
potassium ions flow out, causing local depolarization of motor end plate
depolarization initiates action potential on sarcolemma
action potential travels along t-tubules
action potential causes voltage dependent calcium release on sarcoplasmic reticulum
acetylcholine moves off the receptors and is degraded with acetylcholinesterase

18
Q

Sliding filament model, contraction cycle

A

Calcium binds to troponin which changes the shape of the troponin tropomyosin complex, uncovers myosin binding sites on actin
At the same time, myosin head hydrolyzes ATP giving it energy to bind actin
The myosin-actin cross bridges rotate toward center of sarcomere
Binds ATP, cross bridges detach
Cycle begins again with the binding of ATP

19
Q

Full pathway of sliding filament model

A

1) Synapse from motor nerve
2) Acetylcholine binds to Na+ channel on muscle fiber
3) Na+ channel opens Na+ comes into muscle fiber, producing muscle action potential
4) Acetylcholinesterases destroy Ache in synaptic cleft
5) Muscle action potential travels along T-tubule, opening Ca+ channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum
6) Ca+ binds to troponin
7) Troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape, uncovers myosin binding site
8a) Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP
8b) Myosin binds to actin
9) Myosin cross bridges rotate toward center of sarcomere
10) Myosin heads bind ATP, cross-bridges detach from actin

20
Q

divisions of the muscular system

A

Axial muscles
Position head and spinal column, move rib cage
60% of skeletal muscles
Appendicular muscles
Support pectoral and pelvic girdles, support limbs
40% of skeletal muscles

21
Q

spasms and cramps

A

spasms
painless involuntary contraction

Cramps
painful involuntary contraction
dehydration, heavy exercise, mediations, muscle fatigues
inadequate blood flow or electrolyte levels

22
Q

Tetanus

A

infection that causes calcium to remain in sarcoplasm

painful muscle contractions, fibers remain contraction

23
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of muscle fibers by excessive amount of connective tissues / scar tissue

24
Q

Aging on muscles

A

skeletal muscles become smaller, less elastic
takes longer to recover
decreased strength

25
Q

Describe the primary function of muscle by contrasting the similarities and differences between the nervous system and the muscular system

A

Muscles have the ability to respond to a stimulus (excitable)
Muscles, unlike nerves, can contract or extend, and are elastic
Primary function of muscles is to create motion, working with nerves bones and joints

26
Q

Fascicle arrangment - parallel

A

Most skeletal muscles in body
Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle
Biceps

27
Q

Fascicle arrangement - convergent

A

Broad area converges on attachment site
Pecs
Muscle fibers pull in different directions

28
Q

Fascicle arrangment - Pennate

A 
From an angle with the tendon
Don’t move as far as parallel muscles
Unipennate
Fibers on one side of tendon
Bipennate
Fibers on both sides of tendon
Multipennate
Fibers surrounding tendon
Deltoid
29
Q

Fascicle arrangement - circular

A

Sphincters, form a circle

Mouth, etc

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (10 decks)

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