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Ichthyology > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Fish have what type of brain compared to other vertebrates?

A

a smaller brain

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2
Q

Fish have what type of brain compared to other vertebrates?

A

a smaller brain

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3
Q

What type of fish have a larger brain that takes up about 1.0% of their body weight

A

mormyrids

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4
Q

The forebrain is used for?

A

olfaction

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5
Q

The midbrain is used for?

A

optics

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6
Q

The hindbrain is used for?

A

taste

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7
Q

Within the olfactory pits, there are __________, and they are responsible for smell.

A

rosettes

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8
Q

The two common ways to tell morphologically how well a fish can smell are?

A 
# of folds (poorly correlated)
shape of rosettes (highly correlated)
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9
Q

The number of folds shows?

A

unfolded (poor) to large number of folds (keen)

The higher the number of folds, the higher the surface area

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10
Q

The shape of rosettes shows?

A

circle (poor) to exaggerated oval (keen)

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11
Q

A fish with a large eye diameter will most likely have what part of the brain most enlarged?

A

midbrain

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12
Q

Where are taste buds located on fish?

A

gill arches

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13
Q

What two centers are used for taste?

A 
vagal lobe (internal)
facial lobe (external)
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14
Q

Both suckers and carps have what type of extra organ for taste, what is it?

A

palatal organ

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15
Q

Why are the acoustico-lateralis system lumped together?

A

because in embryological development they develop from the same thing

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the inner ear?

A

3 semicircular canals filled with endolymph

3 chambers containing 3 otoliths

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17
Q

What is located in the pars superior?

A

3 Semicircular canals and one chamber called the utriculius (and it’s associated otolith called the lapillus)

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18
Q

Sharks have a brain that is?

A

~18% of their body weight

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19
Q

What type of fish have a larger brain that takes up about 1.0% of their body weight

A

mormyrids

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20
Q

The forebrain is used for?

A

olfaction

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21
Q

The midbrain is used for?

A

optics

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22
Q

The hindbrain is used for?

A

taste

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23
Q

Within the olfactory pits, there are __________, and they are responsible for smell.

A

rosettes

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24
Q

The two common ways to tell morphologically how well a fish can smell are?

A 
# of folds (poorly correlated)
shape of rosettes (highly correlated)
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25
Q

The number of folds shows?

A

unfolded (poor) to large number of folds (keen)

The higher the number of folds, the higher the surface area

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26
Q

The shape of rosettes shows?

A

circle (poor) to exaggerated oval (keen)

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27
Q

A fish with a large eye diameter will most likely have what part of the brain most enlarged?

A

midbrain

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28
Q

Where are taste buds located on fish?

A

gill arches

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29
Q

What two centers are used for taste?

A 
vagal lobe (internal)
facial lobe (external)
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30
Q

Both suckers and carps have what type of extra organ for taste, what is it?

A

palatal organ

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31
Q

Why are the acoustico-lateralis system lumped together?

A

because in embryological development they develop from the same thing

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32
Q

What are the two parts of the inner ear?

A

3 semicircular canals filled with endolymph

3 chambers containing 3 otoliths

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33
Q

The ______ _______ is the upper half of ear and the ______ _________ is the lower half.

A

pars superior = the upper half

pars inferior=lower half

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34
Q

What is sensed in the pars superior?

A

Acceleration in a plane and detection of gravity

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35
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

neuromast cells located at the junction of each SSC and the utriculus

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36
Q

What is located in the pars inferior?

A 
2 chambers:
the sacculus (with it's otolith called the sagita)
the lagena (with it's otolith called the Asteriscus)
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37
Q

What is E.O Wilsons definition of communication?

A

An action on the part of the invidiual that alters behavior (ellicits a response) but it has to be adaptive

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38
Q

Most fish have very good ______ field hearing, but very poor _________ field hearing

A

near field=good

far field=poor

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39
Q

The weberian apparatus does what?

A

links the inner ear and the swim bladder

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40
Q

Scales on the lateral line contain what?

A

a pore where water flows into tubes that contain neuromast cells

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41
Q

What is the lateral line useful for?

A
  • orientation
  • predators
  • detection of obsticles
  • schooling
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42
Q

Feeding migration is?

A

where a fish leaves it’s normal habitat to feed

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43
Q

What is an example of feeding migration?

A

The lantern fish migrates to the surface every night to feed

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44
Q

Spawning migration is?

A

Where a fish leaves it’s normal habitat to spawn

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45
Q

What is an example of spawning migration?

A

eels are born in the sargasso sea, and leave for fresh water but return back to the sea when it’s time to reproduce

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46
Q

What is homing behavior?

A

how fish know exactly were they are born

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47
Q

How does homing behavior work?

A

by ‘imprinting’ on local odors

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48
Q

How do fish get close enough to birthplace before they can ‘smell’ the local odors?

A
  • temperature gradients
  • sun orientation
  • polarized light
  • geomagnetic fields
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49
Q

Polarized school of fish are what?

A

the same species, the same size, and the same direction

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50
Q

Unpolarized schools of fish are what?

A

various fish species

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51
Q

The definition of a true school is that?

A

A true school has all individuals there for social attraction
****important

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52
Q

What are the qualities of schooling?

A
  • confusing predators
  • facilitates reproduction
  • aids in foraging
  • hydrodynamic
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53
Q

Fish first showed up in the fossil record how long ago?

A

500-550 million years ago

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54
Q

What are the pigments fish have?

A

melanins-browns, reds, blacks and fish can naturally synthesize these
caroteniods-yellows, blues

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55
Q

Structural colors are made from?

A

purines

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56
Q

What do the purine structural colors do

A

add sheen or irredesence

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57
Q

What is the most common purine used in structural colors?

A

guanine

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58
Q

What are chromatophores?

A

fish can change color

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59
Q

how do chromatophores work?

A

When fish want to be colorful the center pigment in the middle of the chromatophore and when they want to be colorless they focus the color in the dentrites

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60
Q

What is the adaptive purposes of chromatophores?

A

attracting mates
camouflage
thermoregulation

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61
Q

Red coloration is popular in deep sea fish, why?

A

Since it is the first color to get attenuated out in deep water, fish can stand out closest to the surface but blend in in deeper water

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62
Q

What is counter-shading?

A

light on belly and dark on top

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63
Q

How do coral reef fish get away with being so colorful?

A

Since the coral reef has so many hiding places, they don’t need the camouflage

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64
Q

Eye ornamentation is used for two purposes, what are they?

A

Eye ornamentation is used for communication and also to disguise eyes since they are first to be attacked

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65
Q

What are two examples of eye ornamentation?

A

eye bars

“eye spots”

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66
Q

Mid-laterial bands are used for what purpose?

A

schooling

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67
Q

What were protochordates?

A

thought to be the first ancient chordates, they were communial, sessile blobs with free swimming larvae

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68
Q

What is Neotony?

A

When a juvenile individual becomes capable of reproduction and ditches adult stage

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69
Q

The hagfish and lamprey belong to the Agnathans, but what is another name that is group is sometimes called?

A

Cyclostomata-“round mouth”

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70
Q

Osteochythes first showed up in the fossil record how many years ago?

A

400 million

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71
Q

When did the Devonian era begin?

A

350-360 million years ago

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72
Q

What was the devonian era?

A

The age of fishes

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73
Q

Ostracoderms were what type of fish?

A

depressiform fish covered in bone-like scales that were marine, with small eyes, no paired fins and a reverse heterocercal tail

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74
Q

What is the largest fresh water osteochythes?

A

Belluga

75
Q

Pteraspidomorphy was a of Ostracoderms class that was thought to contain?

A

the ancient hagfish

76
Q

Cephalaspidomorphy was a class of Ostracoderms that were thought to be?

A

ancient lamprey

77
Q

Placoderms are what type of fish?

A

Bony plated, jawed, heterocercal tail, paired fins and teeth that were thought to be initial predators

78
Q

Placoderms are thought to MAYBE by the ancestors of what?

A

bony fish

79
Q

Ancanthodians were the?

A

first jawed vertebrats

80
Q

What were the qualities of the Ancanthodians?

A

Small fish with small eyes, heterocercal tails, reduced armor resembling scales

81
Q

Osteochthyes are so sucessful why?

A

they are constantly changing

82
Q

Around 250 million years ago, what arrived that began to change the atmosphere

A

The arrival of land plants

83
Q

Why did the arrival of land plants affect fish so much?

A

The land plants converted the CO2 to oxygen and the planet cooled down, killing many of the shallow water fish

84
Q

What is the dicodius problematica?

A

a 400 million year old fully articulated Acanthodian that has qualities of modern day sharks

85
Q

The hagfish and lamprey belong to the Agnathans, but what is another name that is group is sometimes called?

A

Cyclostomata-“round mouth”

86
Q

What are some of the major differences between lampreys and hangfish?

A

lampreys osmoregulate, have a digestive system, and exhibit sexual dimorphism while hagfish are osmoconformers that don’t have a digestive system

87
Q

How many species of chondrocthyes are there?

A

1169

88
Q

What is the smallest osteochythes?

A

the P. progenetica at 7.9 mm

89
Q

What is the largest osteochythes?

A

The whale shark, at 20m

90
Q

What is the largest fresh water osteochythes?

A

Belluga

91
Q

There are ____ species of sharks, and _____ skates and rays.

A

500 species of sharks

625 species of skates and rays

92
Q

Selachi is a subset of the Elasmobranchi and fish in this group have what?

A

and orbitostylic jaw, which means their jaw is has a physical connection to the mouth

93
Q

South American is high in __________________ but low in _______.

A

South America is high in species diversity but low in taxa

94
Q

Which group holds all the diversity?

A

osteochthyes

95
Q

Dermal bones is?

A

bone that began from cells not from ossifyed cartilage

96
Q

Which scales are associated with being older?

Which scales are associated with being younger?

A

cyloid scales seem to be associated with being older, while tenoid scales are seen on more modern fish

97
Q

What are some of the changes osteocthyes made that made them so sucessful?

A 
Reduction in heavyness of sales
Brachiostegial rays
flexibility in jaw 
change in swim bladder
heterocercal tail to homocercal after evolution of swim bladder
Evolution of paired fins
98
Q

What are the brachiostegial rays?

A

they pump water, and seal off opercular cavity to allow suction feeding and water pumping

99
Q

98% of fish are in this constiuent group meaning “new fin”. what is the group?

A

neopterygii

100
Q

Zoogeography is the history of?

A

distribution

101
Q

How quickly does continental drift occur?

A

about 1 inch per year

102
Q

225 Million years ago, Pangea split into two super continents called ______(north) and ____________(south)

A

225 Million years ago, Pangea split into two super continents called Laurasia (north) and Gondwanaland (south)

103
Q

Fresh water fish make up what percentage of fish on the planet?

A

43%

104
Q

How many species of fish does North America have

A

~1213 species

105
Q

Where are the top 3 species diverse areas in North America?

A

1) South eastern US
2) Missippi river drainage
3) Great lakes

106
Q

Most of the fish in North America 55%, evolved where?

A

Eurasia before the breakup of continents

107
Q

How can we tell where a fish did most of its evolution?

A

1) Fossil Record

2) Distributional diversity

108
Q

Chemical factors aren’t really a factor in rivers, why?

A

the constant water flowing and the fact that most rivers are buffered

109
Q

What are the two most diverse groups in South America?

And why?

A

characins and catfish because they were isolated for a long time

110
Q

Why is Africa so rich in species diversity?

A

because of it’s stablity, it has been above sea level since pre-cambian era

111
Q

Europe lacks in any ___________ fish.

A

Europe lacks in any endemic fish

112
Q

Most of Australia’s species used to be ________ but now have become _________.

A

Most of Australia’s species used to be marine but now have become freshwater

113
Q

What are the physical barriers in regards to marine fish?

A

1) Temperature
2) Deep expanses of ocean
3) Ocean currents
4) coastal configurations
5) Salintity

114
Q

What is an example of a deep expanse of ocean barrier?

A

the Eastern pacific barrier which seperates America from guam

115
Q

Shallow water fish associated with edge of continent are called?

A

shore fishes

116
Q

The bulk of diversity in shore fishes are found in what type?

A

tropical fishes

117
Q

What is a 1st/2nd/3rd order stream?

A

1st-Headwaters (unbranched)
2nd-Where first orders unite
3-Where 2nd orders unite

118
Q

Subtropical means having a mean average temperature of?

A

16-18 degrees C

119
Q

Temperate means having a mean average temperature of?

A

<16 degrees C

120
Q

What are the 4 main regions for Tropical Shore fishes?

A

1) Indo-pacific
2) West Africa
3) West Indies
4) Panamanian

121
Q

Competition in rivers and streams affects?

A

morphology

122
Q

A lezebzian migration is?

A

from the red sea to the mediteranian or vice versa

123
Q

Cold water is classified as?

A

anything <24 degrees C

124
Q

Warm water is classified as?

A

anything more than 24-26 degrees C

125
Q

What is stream gradient?

A

Mdrop/# KM run

Drop in elevation / run of stream

126
Q

Most stream gradients are high where and precipitously drop going where?

A

They are high in the mountains and drop as you get closer to the coast

127
Q

What are the qualities of high gradient river and streams?

A 
cold
high dissolved O2 concentration
Fast current 
Rocky/"scoured" bottom
Pools few and small 
Smaller width
128
Q

Low gradient streams have what qualities?

A 
warm
lower dissolved oxygen concentration 
slow current
Silt accumulation of detritis 
slow pools, larger and more numerous 
Wider width 
higher species diversity
129
Q

There is a correlation between species diversity and?

A

stream gradient

130
Q

What is stream order?

A

a Numbering system of streams

131
Q

What is a 1st/2nd/3rd order stream?

A

1st-Headwaters (unbranched)
2nd-Where first orders unite
3-Where 2nd orders unite

132
Q

The higher the stream order the lower the?

A

stream gradient

133
Q

What is the primary cause of death in streams in North America

A

Predation

134
Q

Under natural conditions extinctions won’t occur in rivers and streams due to?

A

predation

135
Q

Competition in rivers and streams affects?

A

morphology

136
Q

Food and Space are not __________ ________.

A

food and space are not limiting factors in streams and rivers

137
Q

What is important for keeping species over time in streams and rivers?

A

Annual variations in food and space

138
Q

And intraspecific example in streams and rivers would be?

A

Spawning migrations->

Large segreations of juvenilles and adults

139
Q

And intraspecific example in streams and rivers would be?

A

Morphology effects from competition and Annual variations in food and space

140
Q

What would be an example of a zoogeographical boundry in streams and lakes?

A

waterfalls and fast currents

A species of golden trout only lives above waterfalls, while no species of golden trout live below

141
Q

Most lakes in north america are?

A

manmade

142
Q

How do man made lakes in north america obtain their fish?

A

fish migrate from nearly rivers and streams

143
Q

What ditactes species of fish in lakes?

A

temperature

144
Q

What is a stratified lake?

A

warm on top and cold on the bottom

145
Q

How does light affect species diversity in lakes?

A

Shallow water which light penetrated increases plant growth which in turn increases species diversity

146
Q

Lake size is predictive of?

A

species diversity

147
Q

What are the 3 factors determining lake size?

A

Surface area, Shoreline area, and depth

148
Q

How do the 3 factors determining lake size affect species diversity?

A

As Surface area, shoreline area and depth all increase so does species diversity

149
Q

Where are chemical factors important?

A

Lakes

150
Q

What are the chemical factors affecting lakes?

A

Ph, and gases (oxygen concentration)

151
Q

When does the chemical factor of oxygen content seen affecting species diversity?

A

in cold, shallow lakes where the top of the lake will freeze over

152
Q

What are two of the factors that contribute to the stability of Africa’s ecosystem?

A

Climate-> warm and productive year round

Geological->Africa has been above sea level since the pre-cambian era

153
Q

Even though the climate of Africa is warm and productive year round, we do see some changes, how do these affect the ecosystem?

A

The swing season such as the rainy and dry season are very predictable and therefor do not affect the ecosystem

154
Q

Which African lake has been around for over two million years, with a max depth of 772M and more than 1000 species of fish live here?

A

Lake Malawi->Part of the African bitter lakes

155
Q

Why is there so much species diversity in Lake Malawi?

A

Because of how old it is

156
Q

What recent arrival has been causing extinctions in Lake Malawi?

A

The arrival of the nile perch

157
Q

How much of the earth’s surface is water?

How much is land?

A

71% of the earths surface is water

29% of the earths surface is land

158
Q

What is the ratio of water to land on the earths surface?

A

88:1 ratio

159
Q

What are the percentages of seawater to fresh water?

A
  1. 6% seawater

3. 5% fresh water

160
Q

What type of enviromment is an estuarie?

A

A harsh eviroment due to:
1-Temperature
2-Salintity

161
Q

What are the typical fauna of an estuary?

True residents

A

White trout and sea trout

162
Q

What do dependent estuary species use the estuaries for?

A

Spawning grounds
Nurseries
Feeding grounds (most common)

163
Q

In the I-E=M+G

What factor goes through the roof in estuary habitats?

A

the maitence costs

164
Q

In intertidal rocky areas, what is the biggest threat to fish here?

A

desication by becoming trapped in evaportating tidal pools

165
Q

What are the resident species of intertidal rocky areas?

A

gobes, sulpins, and gunnels

166
Q

In a lower intertidal area, what shape is the gunnel going to take?
In a high intertidal area?

A

In a low intertidal area the gunnel will take a tenoform shape

In a high intertidal area they will remain anguilliform

167
Q

What type of fish make up the partial residents of intertidal areas?

A

mostly juvenille fish

168
Q

Exposed beaches see what type of true residents?

A

silversides that feed on the plankton that become “tossed” by the surf

169
Q

Exposed beaches see what type of partial residents?

A

Predatory fishes that come at high tide to feed such as sharks

170
Q

Why do we see predatory fish at high tide in the exposed beaches?

A

They take advantage of the confusion created by the surf

171
Q

Mudflats contain a high amount of what during high tide and a constant amount of what as residents?

A

a high amount of vertebrates at high tide feeding on the population of invertabrates that live there

but no true vertebrate residents

172
Q

What are salt marshes?

A

mudflats with emergent vegitation

173
Q

What is special about killifishes?

A

they can handle salinity from 0 to 3x that of seawater

and temperatures from 0 degrees to 40 degrees celcius

174
Q

What habitat is a very important nursery ground for game fish?

A

Mangrove Swamps

175
Q

Who are the two true residents of mangrove swamps?

A

juvenile game fishes and mollies

176
Q

What is one of the most productive areas of the plants as far as habitats go, that still undergoes dramatic changes due to tidal influences?

A

Seagrass Flats

177
Q

Fresh water fish fossils are helpful to track origins of where fish are from, but only if?

A

They were fossilized before the continents split

178
Q

55% of the fish in North America developed?

A

In Eurasia before continents split

179
Q

What old groups of fish are found in South America?

A

lungfish
Osteoglossomorph
Nanidae

180
Q

How many species of lung fish are found in Africa?

A

4

181
Q

Where are brachiosptergii endemic too?

A

Africa-> only found there

182
Q

What are the old groups from Australia?

A

Lungfish (1 species)

Osteoglossomorphs (1 species)

183
Q

Why are a third of elasmobranches endangered?

A

They dont produce many pups
Long gestational period
Takes a long time to reach maturity

Ichthyology (4 decks)

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