Test 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Fish have what type of brain compared to other vertebrates?
A
a smaller brain
2
Q
Fish have what type of brain compared to other vertebrates?
A
a smaller brain
3
Q
What type of fish have a larger brain that takes up about 1.0% of their body weight
A
mormyrids
4
Q
The forebrain is used for?
A
olfaction
5
Q
The midbrain is used for?
A
optics
6
Q
The hindbrain is used for?
A
taste
7
Q
Within the olfactory pits, there are __________, and they are responsible for smell.
A
rosettes
8
Q
The two common ways to tell morphologically how well a fish can smell are?
A
# of folds (poorly correlated) shape of rosettes (highly correlated)
9
Q
The number of folds shows?
A
unfolded (poor) to large number of folds (keen)
The higher the number of folds, the higher the surface area
10
Q
The shape of rosettes shows?
A
circle (poor) to exaggerated oval (keen)
11
Q
A fish with a large eye diameter will most likely have what part of the brain most enlarged?
A
midbrain
12
Q
Where are taste buds located on fish?
A
gill arches
13
Q
What two centers are used for taste?
A
vagal lobe (internal) facial lobe (external)
14
Q
Both suckers and carps have what type of extra organ for taste, what is it?
A
palatal organ
15
Q
Why are the acoustico-lateralis system lumped together?
A
because in embryological development they develop from the same thing
16
Q
What are the two parts of the inner ear?
A
3 semicircular canals filled with endolymph
3 chambers containing 3 otoliths
17
Q
What is located in the pars superior?
A
3 Semicircular canals and one chamber called the utriculius (and it’s associated otolith called the lapillus)
18
Q
Sharks have a brain that is?
A
~18% of their body weight
19
Q
What type of fish have a larger brain that takes up about 1.0% of their body weight
A
mormyrids
20
Q
The forebrain is used for?
A
olfaction
21
Q
The midbrain is used for?
A
optics
22
Q
The hindbrain is used for?
A
taste
23
Q
Within the olfactory pits, there are __________, and they are responsible for smell.
A
rosettes
24
Q
The two common ways to tell morphologically how well a fish can smell are?
A
# of folds (poorly correlated) shape of rosettes (highly correlated)
25
The number of folds shows?
unfolded (poor) to large number of folds (keen)
The higher the number of folds, the higher the surface area
26
The shape of rosettes shows?
circle (poor) to exaggerated oval (keen)
27
A fish with a large eye diameter will most likely have what part of the brain most enlarged?
midbrain
28
Where are taste buds located on fish?
gill arches
29
What two centers are used for taste?
```
vagal lobe (internal)
facial lobe (external)
```
30
Both suckers and carps have what type of extra organ for taste, what is it?
palatal organ
31
Why are the acoustico-lateralis system lumped together?
because in embryological development they develop from the same thing
32
What are the two parts of the inner ear?
3 semicircular canals filled with endolymph
| 3 chambers containing 3 otoliths
33
The ______ _______ is the upper half of ear and the ______ _________ is the lower half.
pars superior = the upper half
| pars inferior=lower half
34
What is sensed in the pars superior?
Acceleration in a plane and detection of gravity
35
What is the ampulla?
neuromast cells located at the junction of each SSC and the utriculus
36
What is located in the pars inferior?
```
2 chambers:
the sacculus (with it's otolith called the sagita)
the lagena (with it's otolith called the Asteriscus)
```
37
What is E.O Wilsons definition of communication?
An action on the part of the invidiual that alters behavior (ellicits a response) but it has to be adaptive
38
Most fish have very good ______ field hearing, but very poor _________ field hearing
near field=good
| far field=poor
39
The weberian apparatus does what?
links the inner ear and the swim bladder
40
Scales on the lateral line contain what?
a pore where water flows into tubes that contain neuromast cells
41
What is the lateral line useful for?
- orientation
- predators
- detection of obsticles
- schooling
42
Feeding migration is?
where a fish leaves it's normal habitat to feed
43
What is an example of feeding migration?
The lantern fish migrates to the surface every night to feed
44
Spawning migration is?
Where a fish leaves it's normal habitat to spawn
45
What is an example of spawning migration?
eels are born in the sargasso sea, and leave for fresh water but return back to the sea when it's time to reproduce
46
What is homing behavior?
how fish know exactly were they are born
47
How does homing behavior work?
by 'imprinting' on local odors
48
How do fish get close enough to birthplace before they can 'smell' the local odors?
- temperature gradients
- sun orientation
- polarized light
- geomagnetic fields
49
Polarized school of fish are what?
the same species, the same size, and the same direction
50
Unpolarized schools of fish are what?
various fish species
51
The definition of a true school is that?
A true school has all individuals there for social attraction
******important
52
What are the qualities of schooling?
- confusing predators
- facilitates reproduction
- aids in foraging
- hydrodynamic
53
Fish first showed up in the fossil record how long ago?
500-550 million years ago
54
What are the pigments fish have?
melanins-browns, reds, blacks and fish can naturally synthesize these
caroteniods-yellows, blues
55
Structural colors are made from?
purines
56
What do the purine structural colors do
add sheen or irredesence
57
What is the most common purine used in structural colors?
guanine
58
What are chromatophores?
fish can change color
59
how do chromatophores work?
When fish want to be colorful the center pigment in the middle of the chromatophore and when they want to be colorless they focus the color in the dentrites
60
What is the adaptive purposes of chromatophores?
attracting mates
camouflage
thermoregulation
61
Red coloration is popular in deep sea fish, why?
Since it is the first color to get attenuated out in deep water, fish can stand out closest to the surface but blend in in deeper water
62
What is counter-shading?
light on belly and dark on top
63
How do coral reef fish get away with being so colorful?
Since the coral reef has so many hiding places, they don't need the camouflage
64
Eye ornamentation is used for two purposes, what are they?
Eye ornamentation is used for communication and also to disguise eyes since they are first to be attacked
65
What are two examples of eye ornamentation?
eye bars
| "eye spots"
66
Mid-laterial bands are used for what purpose?
schooling
67
What were protochordates?
thought to be the first ancient chordates, they were communial, sessile blobs with free swimming larvae
68
What is Neotony?
When a juvenile individual becomes capable of reproduction and ditches adult stage
69
The hagfish and lamprey belong to the Agnathans, but what is another name that is group is sometimes called?
Cyclostomata-"round mouth"
70
Osteochythes first showed up in the fossil record how many years ago?
400 million
71
When did the Devonian era begin?
350-360 million years ago
72
What was the devonian era?
The age of fishes
73
Ostracoderms were what type of fish?
depressiform fish covered in bone-like scales that were marine, with small eyes, no paired fins and a reverse heterocercal tail
74
What is the largest fresh water osteochythes?
Belluga
75
Pteraspidomorphy was a of Ostracoderms class that was thought to contain?
the ancient hagfish
76
Cephalaspidomorphy was a class of Ostracoderms that were thought to be?
ancient lamprey
77
Placoderms are what type of fish?
Bony plated, jawed, heterocercal tail, paired fins and teeth that were thought to be initial predators
78
Placoderms are thought to MAYBE by the ancestors of what?
bony fish
79
Ancanthodians were the?
first jawed vertebrats
80
What were the qualities of the Ancanthodians?
Small fish with small eyes, heterocercal tails, reduced armor resembling scales
81
Osteochthyes are so sucessful why?
they are constantly changing
82
Around 250 million years ago, what arrived that began to change the atmosphere
The arrival of land plants
83
Why did the arrival of land plants affect fish so much?
The land plants converted the CO2 to oxygen and the planet cooled down, killing many of the shallow water fish
84
What is the dicodius problematica?
a 400 million year old fully articulated Acanthodian that has qualities of modern day sharks
85
The hagfish and lamprey belong to the Agnathans, but what is another name that is group is sometimes called?
Cyclostomata-"round mouth"
86
What are some of the major differences between lampreys and hangfish?
lampreys osmoregulate, have a digestive system, and exhibit sexual dimorphism while hagfish are osmoconformers that don't have a digestive system
87
How many species of chondrocthyes are there?
1169
88
What is the smallest osteochythes?
the P. progenetica at 7.9 mm
89
What is the largest osteochythes?
The whale shark, at 20m
90
What is the largest fresh water osteochythes?
Belluga
91
There are ____ species of sharks, and _____ skates and rays.
500 species of sharks
| 625 species of skates and rays
92
Selachi is a subset of the Elasmobranchi and fish in this group have what?
and orbitostylic jaw, which means their jaw is has a physical connection to the mouth
93
South American is high in __________________ but low in _______.
South America is high in species diversity but low in taxa
94
Which group holds all the diversity?
osteochthyes
95
Dermal bones is?
bone that began from cells not from ossifyed cartilage
96
Which scales are associated with being older?
| Which scales are associated with being younger?
cyloid scales seem to be associated with being older, while tenoid scales are seen on more modern fish
97
What are some of the changes osteocthyes made that made them so sucessful?
```
Reduction in heavyness of sales
Brachiostegial rays
flexibility in jaw
change in swim bladder
heterocercal tail to homocercal after evolution of swim bladder
Evolution of paired fins
```
98
What are the brachiostegial rays?
they pump water, and seal off opercular cavity to allow suction feeding and water pumping
99
98% of fish are in this constiuent group meaning "new fin". what is the group?
neopterygii
100
Zoogeography is the history of?
distribution
101
How quickly does continental drift occur?
about 1 inch per year
102
225 Million years ago, Pangea split into two super continents called ______(north) and ____________(south)
225 Million years ago, Pangea split into two super continents called Laurasia (north) and Gondwanaland (south)
103
Fresh water fish make up what percentage of fish on the planet?
43%
104
How many species of fish does North America have
~1213 species
105
Where are the top 3 species diverse areas in North America?
1) South eastern US
2) Missippi river drainage
3) Great lakes
106
Most of the fish in North America 55%, evolved where?
Eurasia before the breakup of continents
107
How can we tell where a fish did most of its evolution?
1) Fossil Record
| 2) Distributional diversity
108
Chemical factors aren't really a factor in rivers, why?
the constant water flowing and the fact that most rivers are buffered
109
What are the two most diverse groups in South America?
| And why?
characins and catfish because they were isolated for a long time
110
Why is Africa so rich in species diversity?
because of it's stablity, it has been above sea level since pre-cambian era
111
Europe lacks in any ___________ fish.
Europe lacks in any endemic fish
112
Most of Australia's species used to be ________ but now have become _________.
Most of Australia's species used to be marine but now have become freshwater
113
What are the physical barriers in regards to marine fish?
1) Temperature
2) Deep expanses of ocean
3) Ocean currents
4) coastal configurations
5) Salintity
114
What is an example of a deep expanse of ocean barrier?
the Eastern pacific barrier which seperates America from guam
115
Shallow water fish associated with edge of continent are called?
shore fishes
116
The bulk of diversity in shore fishes are found in what type?
tropical fishes
117
What is a 1st/2nd/3rd order stream?
1st-Headwaters (unbranched)
2nd-Where first orders unite
3-Where 2nd orders unite
118
Subtropical means having a mean average temperature of?
16-18 degrees C
119
Temperate means having a mean average temperature of?
<16 degrees C
120
What are the 4 main regions for Tropical Shore fishes?
1) Indo-pacific
2) West Africa
3) West Indies
4) Panamanian
121
Competition in rivers and streams affects?
morphology
122
A lezebzian migration is?
from the red sea to the mediteranian or vice versa
123
Cold water is classified as?
anything <24 degrees C
124
Warm water is classified as?
anything more than 24-26 degrees C
125
What is stream gradient?
#Mdrop/# KM run
Drop in elevation / run of stream
126
Most stream gradients are high where and precipitously drop going where?
They are high in the mountains and drop as you get closer to the coast
127
What are the qualities of high gradient river and streams?
```
cold
high dissolved O2 concentration
Fast current
Rocky/"scoured" bottom
Pools few and small
Smaller width
```
128
Low gradient streams have what qualities?
```
warm
lower dissolved oxygen concentration
slow current
Silt accumulation of detritis
slow pools, larger and more numerous
Wider width
higher species diversity
```
129
There is a correlation between species diversity and?
stream gradient
130
What is stream order?
a Numbering system of streams
131
What is a 1st/2nd/3rd order stream?
1st-Headwaters (unbranched)
2nd-Where first orders unite
3-Where 2nd orders unite
132
The higher the stream order the lower the?
stream gradient
133
What is the primary cause of death in streams in North America
Predation
134
Under natural conditions extinctions won't occur in rivers and streams due to?
predation
135
Competition in rivers and streams affects?
morphology
136
Food and Space are not __________ ________.
food and space are not limiting factors in streams and rivers
137
What is important for keeping species over time in streams and rivers?
Annual variations in food and space
138
And intraspecific example in streams and rivers would be?
Spawning migrations->
| Large segreations of juvenilles and adults
139
And intraspecific example in streams and rivers would be?
Morphology effects from competition and Annual variations in food and space
140
What would be an example of a zoogeographical boundry in streams and lakes?
waterfalls and fast currents
A species of golden trout only lives above waterfalls, while no species of golden trout live below
141
Most lakes in north america are?
manmade
142
How do man made lakes in north america obtain their fish?
fish migrate from nearly rivers and streams
143
What ditactes species of fish in lakes?
temperature
144
What is a stratified lake?
warm on top and cold on the bottom
145
How does light affect species diversity in lakes?
Shallow water which light penetrated increases plant growth which in turn increases species diversity
146
Lake size is predictive of?
species diversity
147
What are the 3 factors determining lake size?
Surface area, Shoreline area, and depth
148
How do the 3 factors determining lake size affect species diversity?
As Surface area, shoreline area and depth all increase so does species diversity
149
Where are chemical factors important?
Lakes
150
What are the chemical factors affecting lakes?
Ph, and gases (oxygen concentration)
151
When does the chemical factor of oxygen content seen affecting species diversity?
in cold, shallow lakes where the top of the lake will freeze over
152
What are two of the factors that contribute to the stability of Africa's ecosystem?
Climate-> warm and productive year round
| Geological->Africa has been above sea level since the pre-cambian era
153
Even though the climate of Africa is warm and productive year round, we do see some changes, how do these affect the ecosystem?
The swing season such as the rainy and dry season are very predictable and therefor do not affect the ecosystem
154
Which African lake has been around for over two million years, with a max depth of 772M and more than 1000 species of fish live here?
Lake Malawi->Part of the African bitter lakes
155
Why is there so much species diversity in Lake Malawi?
Because of how old it is
156
What recent arrival has been causing extinctions in Lake Malawi?
The arrival of the nile perch
157
How much of the earth's surface is water?
| How much is land?
71% of the earths surface is water
| 29% of the earths surface is land
158
What is the ratio of water to land on the earths surface?
88:1 ratio
159
What are the percentages of seawater to fresh water?
96. 6% seawater
| 3. 5% fresh water
160
What type of enviromment is an estuarie?
A harsh eviroment due to:
1-Temperature
2-Salintity
161
What are the typical fauna of an estuary?
| True residents
White trout and sea trout
162
What do dependent estuary species use the estuaries for?
Spawning grounds
Nurseries
Feeding grounds (most common)
163
In the I-E=M+G
| What factor goes through the roof in estuary habitats?
the maitence costs
164
In intertidal rocky areas, what is the biggest threat to fish here?
desication by becoming trapped in evaportating tidal pools
165
What are the resident species of intertidal rocky areas?
gobes, sulpins, and gunnels
166
In a lower intertidal area, what shape is the gunnel going to take?
In a high intertidal area?
In a low intertidal area the gunnel will take a tenoform shape
In a high intertidal area they will remain anguilliform
167
What type of fish make up the partial residents of intertidal areas?
mostly juvenille fish
168
Exposed beaches see what type of true residents?
silversides that feed on the plankton that become "tossed" by the surf
169
Exposed beaches see what type of partial residents?
Predatory fishes that come at high tide to feed such as sharks
170
Why do we see predatory fish at high tide in the exposed beaches?
They take advantage of the confusion created by the surf
171
Mudflats contain a high amount of what during high tide and a constant amount of what as residents?
a high amount of vertebrates at high tide feeding on the population of invertabrates that live there
but no true vertebrate residents
172
What are salt marshes?
mudflats with emergent vegitation
173
What is special about killifishes?
they can handle salinity from 0 to 3x that of seawater
| and temperatures from 0 degrees to 40 degrees celcius
174
What habitat is a very important nursery ground for game fish?
Mangrove Swamps
175
Who are the two true residents of mangrove swamps?
juvenile game fishes and mollies
176
What is one of the most productive areas of the plants as far as habitats go, that still undergoes dramatic changes due to tidal influences?
Seagrass Flats
177
Fresh water fish fossils are helpful to track origins of where fish are from, but only if?
They were fossilized before the continents split
178
55% of the fish in North America developed?
In Eurasia before continents split
179
What old groups of fish are found in South America?
lungfish
Osteoglossomorph
Nanidae
180
How many species of lung fish are found in Africa?
4
181
Where are brachiosptergii endemic too?
Africa-> only found there
182
What are the old groups from Australia?
Lungfish (1 species)
| Osteoglossomorphs (1 species)
183
Why are a third of elasmobranches endangered?
They dont produce many pups
Long gestational period
Takes a long time to reach maturity
