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Ichthyology > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny involves?

A

the ordering of evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

The basic unit of taxonomy which is based off sharing derived characteristics is?

A

A monophyletic group

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3
Q

What are Lager’s “what is a fish” classifications?

A
  • gills
  • fins (not pentadactal limbs
  • cold blooded
  • backbones
  • lives in water
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4
Q

What are Bond’s “what is a fish” classifications?

A
  • gills throughout lifetime
  • fins
  • crania
  • lives in water
  • scales
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5
Q

The early classification of fish was in a group called _________ and it was not monophyletic

A

Pices

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6
Q

How old are fish?

A

between 500-550 million years old

*however fossil record is not always accurate

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7
Q

The two super classes of fish are?

A

Agnatha: Jawless fishes
Gnathastomata: Jawed fishes

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8
Q

The two monophyletic classes in Agnatha are?

A

Myxin: Hagfish
Cephalasdidmorphi: Lampreys

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9
Q

The two classes in Gnathastomata are?

A

Chondricthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes
Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes

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10
Q

What are the two sub-classes of Chondricthyes?

A

Elasmobranchii: Sharkes, Skates, and Rays
Holocephali: Rat fish and chimeras

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11
Q

Some of the major qualities that seperate the Agnathans from the Chondricthyes and Osteichthyes include?

*long answer

A

Agnathans have a unconstructed notochord, no jaw, 2 semicircular canals, no gill arches, no paired fins, and only one nostril.

Chondricthyes and Osteichthyes have only one difference, which is cartilaginous vertebrae vs. bony vertebrae. Other than that, they have a constructed formed vertebrae, a jaw, 3 semicircular canals, gill arches, paired fins, and 2 nostrils

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12
Q

Name the % composition by group of the 61,000 classified species.

Amphibians:
Fish:
Reptiles:
Birds:
Mammals:
A 
Amphibians: 10%
Fish: 50%
Reptiles: 14%
Birds: 17%
Mammals: 9%
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13
Q

In 1812, who was the scientist who started the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences?

A

MacClure

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14
Q

What french scientist published Icthyology Ohiensis in 1820, that included 12 fictitious species?

A

Rafinesque

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15
Q

In 1814, who wrote Fishes of New York?

A

Mitchell

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16
Q

Why was Fishes of New York so special for the time?

A

Mitchell included marine species of fish in the book, and this had been unseen before

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17
Q

Which scientist untangled Icthyology Ohinesis and discovered the 12 fictitious species?

A

Kirtland

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18
Q

Which scientist started the Bureau of Fisheries in Washington, DC in the 1840’s?

A

Baird

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19
Q

Who wrote the Copeia in the 1840’s?

A

Ed Cope

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20
Q

Who in the late 1800’s/early 1900’s expanded the horizon of freshwater fishes and in 1896 published Fishes of North America?

A

David Star Jordan

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21
Q

What one of Jordan’s students was married to the famous ichthyologist Rosa, who studied gobes in California?

A

Eigenmann

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22
Q

What scientist started Fisheries Biology, was responsible for the beginings of conservation, and co-authored the book Oceanic Icthyology with Tarleton Beam?

A

G.B. Goode

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23
Q

Which 1880/1900 scientist studied Chondricthyes?

A

Samual Garman

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24
Q

In the early 1900’s who published 3 different books,
A Guide to the Study of Fishes
The Genera of Fishes
The Classification of Fishes

A

David Starr Jordan

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25
Q

What was so special about The Genera of Fishes by David Starr Jordan?

A

It contained fishes from all over the planet

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26
Q

Which medical doctor published Fishes of South Carolina in the 1900’s who was from Charleston, SC

A

Holbrook

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27
Q

Who was the most famous student of Jordan who started seaworld, and published over 700 papers in his lifetime?

A

Hubbs

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28
Q

What is the body style shared by tunas, sharks, trout and basses?

A

Fusiform

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29
Q

What is the shape of the fusiform body shape?

A

Elliptical, similar to a football

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30
Q

What are the traits of fishes with a fusiform body shape?

A
  • constant swimming, long distances
  • most are carnivorous
  • “rover predators”
  • fins evenly spaced
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31
Q

What are the traits of fishes with a compressiform body shape?

A
  • not actively swimming
  • strong swimmers but not for long distances
  • sunfish and piranha
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32
Q

What are traits of the depressiform body shape?

A

-bottom dwelling species

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33
Q

What body shape do skates, rays, and catfish all have?

A

depressiform

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34
Q

What are the traits of the Anguilliform body shape?

A

-“hiding” body shape

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35
Q

What body shape comes from the Latin name for eel?

A

Anguilliform

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36
Q

What are the traits of the Saggittiform body shape?

A
  • elongated
  • Arrow shaped
  • fins located in “fast start” position
  • Ambush predators/ “lie in wait predators”
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37
Q

Unpaired fins are?

A

Dorsal, Anal, Caudal

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38
Q

Paired fins are?

A

Pectoral, Pelvic

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39
Q

What are the traits of the lunate tail shape?

A
  • sickle shaped
  • very thin
  • mostly found of fusiform
  • very high energy efficency
  • high aspect ratio
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40
Q

What are the traits of the forked tail shape?

A
  • higher surface area than lunate tail shape
  • common tail shape
  • strong swimmers
  • Not good for sustained swimming
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41
Q

What is the formula for the size of the eyes?

A

Size of eyes=Diameter/head length

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42
Q

What are the size of the eyes Dinural, sight feeding fish?

A

1/6 to 1/5

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43
Q

What are the size of the eyes Nocturnal, sight feeding fish?

A

1/5

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44
Q

What are the size of the eyes of Nocturnal or smell or taste feeding?

A

~<1/6

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45
Q

What are centra?

A

the space in vertebrae where the notocord runs through

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46
Q

What are zygapophyses?

A

Finger-like projections that come off the face of each vertebrae and lock vertebrae together

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47
Q

The length of zygapophyses affect what?

A

Flexibility of the spine

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48
Q

Powerful swimming fish have what type of zygopophyses?

A

Elaborate ones that lock the spine closely together

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49
Q

What type of vertebral column do Agnathans have?

A

Hagfish have no vertebral column but insteas a cartilaginous sheath around notocord

Lampreys have “vertebrae” but no centra
*Vertebrae aren’t fully formed

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50
Q

What type of vertebral column do Gnathostomes have?

A

Sharks have cartilaginous vertebrae with centra

Rat fish and chimera have vertebrae that are partially ossified

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51
Q

What type of vertebral column do Osteochythes have?

A

All have ossified vertebrae with centra

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52
Q

What type of skulls do lamprey have?

A

Brain is not enclosed, instead sits in a pan-like plate

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53
Q

What type of skulls do sharks have?

A

Fully enclosed brain casing but it is cartilaginous

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54
Q

What are the 4 parts of the osteochythes skull?

A 
Neurocranium
Suspensorum 
Jaws
Opercular Bones 
Branchiohyiod App
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55
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Brain case or skull

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56
Q

What is the purpose of the opercular bones?

A

A moon shaped slip that seals off gill slit

-It is important because alot of fish filter feed and the opercular bones allow the fish to create suction for filter feeding

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57
Q

The branchiohyiod apparatus is?

A

just the bottom of mouth and jaw

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58
Q

What is the weberian apparatus ossicles?

A

occurs in minnows and catifish

It is a modification of 1st few vertebrae starting from head, and it forms a connection from swim bladder to inner ear

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59
Q

Why is the Weberian apparatus ossicles useful?

A

It allows the fish to use the swim bladder as an amplifier to hear better

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60
Q

What are the qualities of red muscle?

A

blood supplied
contains fats
high in oxygen

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61
Q

What are the qualities of white muscle?

A

poor in blood supply

low in oxygen

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62
Q

What is the lateral band?

A

A strip of red muscle in between white muscle

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63
Q

Fusiform fish have what type of muscle?

A

red

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64
Q

What type of fish is white muscle normally associated with?

A

Fish needing quick bursts of energy

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65
Q

What determines flexibility?

A

Zygapophyses

Muscle mass/vertebrae

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66
Q

In ostraciform swimming where is muscle mass fired from?

A

Muscle mass is fired almost right at tail

*Puffer fish are example

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67
Q

In carangiiform swimming where is muscle mass fired from?

A

Muscle mass is fired half-way down body

***Most common swimming style

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68
Q

In anguilliform swimming where is muscle mass fired from?

A

Muscle mass is fired from just behind head

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69
Q 
What are the burst speeds of these various fish?
tuna
baracuda
mackeral
white bass
A

tuna: 40-50 mph
baracuda: 27 mph
mackeral:21 mph
white bass: 12 mph

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70
Q

Behavioral thermoregulation means?

A

A fish’s body temp is ~1-2 degree higher than surrounding enviroment and fish will seek out water their preferred temperature

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71
Q

What is the primary cause of heat loss in fish?

A

the primary cause of heat loss in fish is through the gills

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72
Q

What is the secondary cause of heat loss in fish?

A

the secondary cause of heat loss in fish is through the skin

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73
Q

What are the two groups of Physiological Thermoregulation?

A

Systemic Endothermy and Cranial Endothermy

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74
Q

Systemic endothermy is?

A

The fish using this method take their lateral band and push it inwards warming their gut, stomach and nervous system

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75
Q

Systemic endothermy serves what purpose?

A

It is used for more efficent digestion, warming the nervous system for fish that make deep dives into cold water so they won’t pass out

76
Q

Cranial endothermy is?

A

A heater organ places directly behind the brain that warms the eyes and brain

77
Q

Crainial endothermy is used for?

A

it is used for fish that make deep dives so they won’t pass out

78
Q

How much less oxygen is in water than in air?

A

~800x times less O2 in water than in air

79
Q

How much more O2 can 1 volume of fish blood carry than water?

A

about 20-25x more O2

80
Q

How many gill arches do most fish have?

A

4/5 on each side

81
Q

What do gill arches do?

A

Anchor gill filaments

82
Q

Each gill filament contains?

A

gill lamellae

83
Q

Off of the gill lamellae, what is there?

A

off the gill lamellae there is the epithelial tissue responsible for gas exhange

84
Q

What is gas diffusion dependent on?

A

-surface area of lamellae

85
Q

If there are more lamellae present, what occurs to gas diffusion?

A

gas diffusion increases

86
Q

Narrowing the thickness of lamellae would do what to gas diffusion?

A

increase gas diffusion

87
Q

What is Ficke’s law?

A

m=(k x a x dp)/D

88
Q

In Ficke’s law, what does m stand for?

A

m stands for the rate of gas diffusion

89
Q

In Ficke’s law, what does k stand for?

A

K is a constant

90
Q

In Ficke’s law, what does a stand for?

A

a stands for the diffusion area of lamellae

91
Q

In Ficke’s law, what does dp stand for?

A

dp stands for the difference in pressure on either side of the membrane

92
Q

In Ficke’s law, what does D stand for?

A

D stands for the length of diffusion of membrane

93
Q

What is special about the breathing systems of electric eels?

A

Electric eels have highly vascularized mouths and they gulp air and gas exchange occurs

94
Q

What is special about the lung fish?

A

Lung fish are aptly named because they actually have a set of working lungs

95
Q

What is so special about the labyrinthic catfish?

A

It is called the “walking catfish”, and has modified it’s gill filaments to short and wide so they don’t become stuck together in the presence of air

Lamellae have also become modified into a ball like structure

96
Q

What is an annularis?

A

A muscle in the buccal funnel

97
Q

What is a hydrosinus?

A

In the lamprey, it is a section of their sinuses that allows them to breath and eat at the same time

98
Q

What is the Ampullae of Lorenzi in sharks?

A

Tiny pores that allow them to sense electrical signals

99
Q

What are the two types of swim bladders, and what is the difference?

A

physostomas: connected to the stomach and more primative
physoclistous: more derived

100
Q

In a co-current, osmosis will occur until about what percent?

A

50%

101
Q

In a counter-current, osmosis will occur until about what percent?

A

Since their will always be a osmotic gradient, osmosis can occur until pretty close to 100%

102
Q

What is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?

A

hemoglobin

103
Q

What are the 3 qualities of fish that contain no red blood cells?

A
  • Antartic habitat
  • low metabolism-> Very sedentary
  • diffusion
104
Q

What two types of fish have no red blood cells as larvae?

A

Eels and tarpons

105
Q

What is one of the good qualities of fish that have no red blood cells?

A

They are clear-> which makes them excellent at camouflage

106
Q

What is the formula for hematocrit?

A

(# RBS)/MM^3

107
Q

What would be the comparison of hematocrit of a sedentary fish such as the goosefish, and an active fish such as a mackeral?

A

Goosefish: 867,000 (low)
Mackeral:3,000,000 (high)

Basically in a sedentary fish you would observe a low hematocrit count, and in an active fish you would observe a high hematocrit count.

More active=More 02=more hematocrit and vice versa

108
Q

Tsat is an indication of what?

A

Loading

109
Q

Hb x O2: What are the steps?

A

Loading
Carried
Released

110
Q

Where is oxygenated blood carried?

A

to metabolically active areas

111
Q 
Fill in the chart:
Tissue          SG
Bone           \_\_\_\_
Muscle/       \_\_\_\_
Cartilage
Fats&amp;Oils    \_\_\_\_
Av. h20       \_\_\_\_
A 
Tissue          SG
Bone           ~2.0
Muscle/       1.05-1.11
Cartilage
Fats&amp;Oils    .9-.93
Av. h20       1.06-1.09
112
Q

What is an example of a low density compound that some fishes use to decrease their density in water?

A

squalene: a hydrocarbon with a SG of ~0.86

113
Q

What are two morphological adaptations that increase lift in H2O?

A

heterocercal tail

Pectoral fins

114
Q

What is a negative in the reduction of heavy tissues to increase buoyancy?

A

The more reduction, the more fragile the fish becomes

115
Q

What is the most common adaptation to increase bouyancy that is found in bony fish?

A

Swim bladder

116
Q

What are the two types of swim bladders, and what is the difference?

A

the physostomous: has a physical connection between swim bladder and gut
the physoclistous: no physical connection

117
Q

How do physostomous swim bladders work?

A

The fish gulps air, and fores the air into the pneumatic duct, and inflates the swim bladder.
For deflation, they use the gas puckerflex to release

118
Q

How do physoclitous swim bladders work?

A

The fish use capillary beds called rete mirable to inflate the swim bladder. a structure called the oval organ is responsible for deflation

119
Q

What is the negative of a physostomous swim bladder?

A

Fish must be close to the surface in order to gulp air?

120
Q

Which of the swim bladders is oldest?

A

physostomous swim bladders are very old, while physoclistous is more modern

121
Q

Some fish don’t have swim bladders, what type of habitat do they live in?

A

fast current rivers

122
Q

What is osmolality?

A

How much of a substance is dissolved

MOsm/L

123
Q

Freshwater Fish are what type of osmolality?

A

Fresh water fish are hyperosmotic due to having a higher salt concentration than the surrounding water, which leads to constantly having their salt flow out and water flow in

124
Q

If freshwater fish have no way of stopping water from coming in, what occurs?

A

They undergo ‘internal drowning’

125
Q

How do freshwater fish prevent “internal drowning” and combat their hyperosmotic state?

A

They use the glomeruli of their kidneys and essentially urinate constantly to flush excess water. Urine from these fish is incredibly dilute. (Although debated) it is thought that they use alpha chloride cells to gain salt back from their food

126
Q

Marine bony fish have what osmotic state?

A

Hypoosmotic, the water’s osmolality is significantly higher than theirs, so they are at risk of loosing water and gaining too much salt

127
Q

How do marine bony fish combat this hypoosmotic state?

A

Since marine bony fish can loose upwards of 30-60% of their water per day, they produce VERY concentrated urine in very small amount and drink upwards of 7-35% of their body weight per day to rid salt. They also use beta chloride cells to rid salt

128
Q

Marine elasmobranches have what osmotic state?

A

hyperosmotic or can be isoosmotic,

they are ~1100 Mos/kg while saltwater is 1000Mosm/kg

129
Q

What is special about the salt concentration of marine elasmobranches?

A

Their ‘salt’ concentration does not come from salt but instead urea.
Since urea is actually toxic, they use TMSO to detoxify urea in their blood.
Their blood content of urea is ~2.5%

130
Q

The rectal gland of elasmobranches does what?

A

gets rid of NaCl

131
Q

What is the correlation between the amount, diameter, and relative volume of the glomeruli in kidneys in the different habitats of fish?

A

The hyperosmotic fish (Freshwater and Marine Elasmobranches) have a higher number of glomeruli, larger diameters, and higher relative volume due to their need to flush out the excess water.

On the flip side, marine fish have low numbers of all these due to their need to retain as much water as possible

An example:
Catfish (F.W) has an av. relative vol. of 127
Flounder (S.W) has an av. relative vol of 3

132
Q

How do marine Antartic species avoid having their body fluids freeze, when the water is colder than their freezing point depression?

A
  • slow metabolism
  • reduction of hematocrit
  • loose hemoglobin
  • increase cardiac output (pump blood faster)
  • AFGP (Anti-freeze glycoproteins that prevent ice crystals from forming)
133
Q

What type of growth do fish have?

A

indeterminate

134
Q

What is the correlation between intestines relative to body size compared to what type of food fish eat?

A 
From short to long and coiled-
carnivore
omnivore
herbivore
detrivore
135
Q 
What is the energy content of these various foods-
Herbivore
Carnivore
Detrivore
omnivore
A 
From greatest energy content to least-
Carnivore
omnivore 
herbivore
detrivore
136
Q

Carnivores (highest energy content food) will have what type of intestintes

A

short, relative to body size and a straight tube

137
Q

The larger the intestine, with the most surface area would indicate animal with what time of feeding style?
-say intestine was 15-21 times the length of body

A

This would indicate that the animal was a detrivore, (AKA ate food with low nutritional value)

138
Q

What are the formulas for growth in fish?

A

I=G+M+E

I-E=G+M

139
Q

What does the I stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?

A

Ingested energy

140
Q

What does the E stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?

A

Excreted energy AKA waste

141
Q

What does the G stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?

A

Growth

142
Q

What does the M stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?

A

Energy devoted to metabolic needs

143
Q

Any energy over minimum energy can be devoted to ________.

A

growth

144
Q

Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:

How does temperature affect growth?

A

Most fish grow more at a higher temperature

-BUT over the bell curve of preferred temperature growth goes down, because the energy cost is too high at over preferred temp

145
Q

Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:

Oxgygen concentration in water affects growth how?

A

If oxygen content in water is above the basal level of concentrated oxygen, fish will grow more

146
Q

Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:

Ammonia levels will affect growth how?

A

The more ammonia in the water, the more growth will decrease

147
Q

Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:

Salinity affects growth how?

A

The higher the salinity in the water, the more growth will decrease

148
Q

Alot of what we know about growth rates in under _____________ _____________

A

controlled conditions

149
Q

What are the downsides to Mark and Capture style of tracking growth?

A

Downside is the recapture

150
Q

The most common way of tracking growth?

A

Rings on structures-
Scales develop at birth and enlarge from outside margin so growth can be tracked via counting the scales

You can also use ostoliths

151
Q

What is one of the most inexpensive ways of tracking growth?

A

Length frequency

You track age/length over time by capturing different fish

152
Q

What is a way of instantaneously tracking growth rate?

A

Radioactive update

Taking a scale and adding it to a medium of radioactive glycin and seeing enlargement

153
Q

Is is almost morphologically impossible to tell the difference between male and female fish with the exception of the?

A

elasmobranches

154
Q

How is it very easy to tell M/F fish?

A

internally

155
Q

How much of the B.W do the male testes take up in fish?

A

~12%

156
Q

How much of the B.W do the female ovaries take up in fish?

A

~30-70%

157
Q

Which sex of fish has the most energeic cost in reproduction?

A

Females

158
Q

Some fish have required Secondary Sex Characteristics which are used for?

A
  • copulation
  • oviposition
  • incubation
159
Q

What are some examples of some required Secondary Sex Characteristics in fish?
*hint: 3

A
  • claspers in sharks
  • Gonopodium in mosquito fish
  • Brood pouches in seahorses
160
Q

What modification of the anal glands occurs in mosquito fish that is used in reproduction?

A

modification of the soft rays in anal glands for internal fertilization

161
Q

What are some of the accessory secondary sex characteristics used for in fish?

A
  • courtship

- aggression

162
Q

What are some examples of accessory SSC?

*hint:4

A
  • bright colors
  • bolder markings
  • longer fins
  • breeding tuberucles/contact organs
163
Q

What do male suckers use their accessory SSC longer fins for?

A

They have elaborate anal fins used for guiding sperm

164
Q

Dimorphism:

Which sex of fish is usually larger and why?

A

Females are normally larger than males due to the body mass needed for eggs

165
Q

The size of the egg normally correlates to?

A

the incubation period

166
Q

In the 1970’s what did Balon come up with to try and quantify fish mating?

A

Ecoecological guilds

167
Q

What are the Eco-ecological guilds?

A
  • Nonguarding
  • Guarders
  • Bearers
168
Q

What are the subsets of the Non-guarding guild?

A

Open sustratum

Brood hiders

169
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of Non-guarders->Open sustratum?

A

Fish shed clouds of gamets in a specified breeding area

170
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of Non-guarders->Brood hiders?

A

Fish attempt to hide the eggs

171
Q

What are the subsets of the guarding guild?

A

Substratum choosers

Nest builders

172
Q

What is the difference between sustratum choosers and nest builders

A

One parent guards eggs, and the nest builder subset builds nest for eggs

173
Q

What are the subsets of the bearer guild?

A

Internal bearers

External bearers

174
Q

Bearers do what?

A

carry embryos to term

175
Q

In regards to the guilds, which guild will have the most eggs, and what is the trade off for this?

A

The non-guarders have millions of eggs, but no parental care.

176
Q

In regards to the guilds, which guild will have the least eggs, and what is the trade off for this?

A

bearers will have the least eggs, but with high parental care

177
Q

The amount of eggs trades off with?

A

parental care

178
Q

The axial skeleton includes?

A

the skull and vertebrae

179
Q

The appendicular skeleton includes?

A

limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle

180
Q

Pre-caudal vertebrae are?

A

vertebrae with ribs attached

181
Q

caudal vertebrae are?

A

Vertebrae with no ribs but with neutral and hemal spines

182
Q

An otolith is?

A

ear bones in fish

183
Q

A myomere is?

A

one unit of muscle

184
Q

A myosepta?

A

connects units of muscle

185
Q

What is the lateral superficialis?

A

The red muscle band along sides of fish

Ichthyology (4 decks)

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