Test 1 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Phylogeny involves?
A
the ordering of evolutionary relationships
2
Q
The basic unit of taxonomy which is based off sharing derived characteristics is?
A
A monophyletic group
3
Q
What are Lager’s “what is a fish” classifications?
A
- gills
- fins (not pentadactal limbs
- cold blooded
- backbones
- lives in water
4
Q
What are Bond’s “what is a fish” classifications?
A
- gills throughout lifetime
- fins
- crania
- lives in water
- scales
5
Q
The early classification of fish was in a group called _________ and it was not monophyletic
A
Pices
6
Q
How old are fish?
A
between 500-550 million years old
*however fossil record is not always accurate
7
Q
The two super classes of fish are?
A
Agnatha: Jawless fishes
Gnathastomata: Jawed fishes
8
Q
The two monophyletic classes in Agnatha are?
A
Myxin: Hagfish
Cephalasdidmorphi: Lampreys
9
Q
The two classes in Gnathastomata are?
A
Chondricthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes
Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes
10
Q
What are the two sub-classes of Chondricthyes?
A
Elasmobranchii: Sharkes, Skates, and Rays
Holocephali: Rat fish and chimeras
11
Q
Some of the major qualities that seperate the Agnathans from the Chondricthyes and Osteichthyes include?
*long answer
A
Agnathans have a unconstructed notochord, no jaw, 2 semicircular canals, no gill arches, no paired fins, and only one nostril.
Chondricthyes and Osteichthyes have only one difference, which is cartilaginous vertebrae vs. bony vertebrae. Other than that, they have a constructed formed vertebrae, a jaw, 3 semicircular canals, gill arches, paired fins, and 2 nostrils
12
Q
Name the % composition by group of the 61,000 classified species.
Amphibians: Fish: Reptiles: Birds: Mammals:
A
Amphibians: 10% Fish: 50% Reptiles: 14% Birds: 17% Mammals: 9%
13
Q
In 1812, who was the scientist who started the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences?
A
MacClure
14
Q
What french scientist published Icthyology Ohiensis in 1820, that included 12 fictitious species?
A
Rafinesque
15
Q
In 1814, who wrote Fishes of New York?
A
Mitchell
16
Q
Why was Fishes of New York so special for the time?
A
Mitchell included marine species of fish in the book, and this had been unseen before
17
Q
Which scientist untangled Icthyology Ohinesis and discovered the 12 fictitious species?
A
Kirtland
18
Q
Which scientist started the Bureau of Fisheries in Washington, DC in the 1840’s?
A
Baird
19
Q
Who wrote the Copeia in the 1840’s?
A
Ed Cope
20
Q
Who in the late 1800’s/early 1900’s expanded the horizon of freshwater fishes and in 1896 published Fishes of North America?
A
David Star Jordan
21
Q
What one of Jordan’s students was married to the famous ichthyologist Rosa, who studied gobes in California?
A
Eigenmann
22
Q
What scientist started Fisheries Biology, was responsible for the beginings of conservation, and co-authored the book Oceanic Icthyology with Tarleton Beam?
A
G.B. Goode
23
Q
Which 1880/1900 scientist studied Chondricthyes?
A
Samual Garman
24
Q
In the early 1900’s who published 3 different books,
A Guide to the Study of Fishes
The Genera of Fishes
The Classification of Fishes
A
David Starr Jordan
25
What was so special about The Genera of Fishes by David Starr Jordan?
It contained fishes from all over the planet
26
Which medical doctor published Fishes of South Carolina in the 1900's who was from Charleston, SC
Holbrook
27
Who was the most famous student of Jordan who started seaworld, and published over 700 papers in his lifetime?
Hubbs
28
What is the body style shared by tunas, sharks, trout and basses?
Fusiform
29
What is the shape of the fusiform body shape?
Elliptical, similar to a football
30
What are the traits of fishes with a fusiform body shape?
- constant swimming, long distances
- most are carnivorous
- "rover predators"
- fins evenly spaced
31
What are the traits of fishes with a compressiform body shape?
- not actively swimming
- strong swimmers but not for long distances
- sunfish and piranha
32
What are traits of the depressiform body shape?
-bottom dwelling species
33
What body shape do skates, rays, and catfish all have?
depressiform
34
What are the traits of the Anguilliform body shape?
-"hiding" body shape
35
What body shape comes from the Latin name for eel?
Anguilliform
36
What are the traits of the Saggittiform body shape?
- elongated
- Arrow shaped
- fins located in "fast start" position
- Ambush predators/ "lie in wait predators"
37
Unpaired fins are?
Dorsal, Anal, Caudal
38
Paired fins are?
Pectoral, Pelvic
39
What are the traits of the lunate tail shape?
- sickle shaped
- very thin
- mostly found of fusiform
- very high energy efficency
- high aspect ratio
40
What are the traits of the forked tail shape?
- higher surface area than lunate tail shape
- common tail shape
- strong swimmers
- Not good for sustained swimming
41
What is the formula for the size of the eyes?
Size of eyes=Diameter/head length
42
What are the size of the eyes Dinural, sight feeding fish?
1/6 to 1/5
43
What are the size of the eyes Nocturnal, sight feeding fish?
1/5
44
What are the size of the eyes of Nocturnal or smell or taste feeding?
~<1/6
45
What are centra?
the space in vertebrae where the notocord runs through
46
What are zygapophyses?
Finger-like projections that come off the face of each vertebrae and lock vertebrae together
47
The length of zygapophyses affect what?
Flexibility of the spine
48
Powerful swimming fish have what type of zygopophyses?
Elaborate ones that lock the spine closely together
49
What type of vertebral column do Agnathans have?
Hagfish have no vertebral column but insteas a cartilaginous sheath around notocord
Lampreys have "vertebrae" but no centra
*Vertebrae aren't fully formed
50
What type of vertebral column do Gnathostomes have?
Sharks have cartilaginous vertebrae with centra
Rat fish and chimera have vertebrae that are partially ossified
51
What type of vertebral column do Osteochythes have?
All have ossified vertebrae with centra
52
What type of skulls do lamprey have?
Brain is not enclosed, instead sits in a pan-like plate
53
What type of skulls do sharks have?
Fully enclosed brain casing but it is cartilaginous
54
What are the 4 parts of the osteochythes skull?
```
Neurocranium
Suspensorum
Jaws
Opercular Bones
Branchiohyiod App
```
55
What is the neurocranium?
Brain case or skull
56
What is the purpose of the opercular bones?
A moon shaped slip that seals off gill slit
-It is important because alot of fish filter feed and the opercular bones allow the fish to create suction for filter feeding
57
The branchiohyiod apparatus is?
just the bottom of mouth and jaw
58
What is the weberian apparatus ossicles?
occurs in minnows and catifish
| It is a modification of 1st few vertebrae starting from head, and it forms a connection from swim bladder to inner ear
59
Why is the Weberian apparatus ossicles useful?
It allows the fish to use the swim bladder as an amplifier to hear better
60
What are the qualities of red muscle?
blood supplied
contains fats
high in oxygen
61
What are the qualities of white muscle?
poor in blood supply
| low in oxygen
62
What is the lateral band?
A strip of red muscle in between white muscle
63
Fusiform fish have what type of muscle?
red
64
What type of fish is white muscle normally associated with?
Fish needing quick bursts of energy
65
What determines flexibility?
Zygapophyses
| Muscle mass/vertebrae
66
In ostraciform swimming where is muscle mass fired from?
Muscle mass is fired almost right at tail
*Puffer fish are example
67
In carangiiform swimming where is muscle mass fired from?
Muscle mass is fired half-way down body
***Most common swimming style
68
In anguilliform swimming where is muscle mass fired from?
Muscle mass is fired from just behind head
69
```
What are the burst speeds of these various fish?
tuna
baracuda
mackeral
white bass
```
tuna: 40-50 mph
baracuda: 27 mph
mackeral:21 mph
white bass: 12 mph
70
Behavioral thermoregulation means?
A fish's body temp is ~1-2 degree higher than surrounding enviroment and fish will seek out water their preferred temperature
71
What is the primary cause of heat loss in fish?
the primary cause of heat loss in fish is through the gills
72
What is the secondary cause of heat loss in fish?
the secondary cause of heat loss in fish is through the skin
73
What are the two groups of Physiological Thermoregulation?
Systemic Endothermy and Cranial Endothermy
74
Systemic endothermy is?
The fish using this method take their lateral band and push it inwards warming their gut, stomach and nervous system
75
Systemic endothermy serves what purpose?
It is used for more efficent digestion, warming the nervous system for fish that make deep dives into cold water so they won't pass out
76
Cranial endothermy is?
A heater organ places directly behind the brain that warms the eyes and brain
77
Crainial endothermy is used for?
it is used for fish that make deep dives so they won't pass out
78
How much less oxygen is in water than in air?
~800x times less O2 in water than in air
79
How much more O2 can 1 volume of fish blood carry than water?
about 20-25x more O2
80
How many gill arches do most fish have?
4/5 on each side
81
What do gill arches do?
Anchor gill filaments
82
Each gill filament contains?
gill lamellae
83
Off of the gill lamellae, what is there?
off the gill lamellae there is the epithelial tissue responsible for gas exhange
84
What is gas diffusion dependent on?
-surface area of lamellae
85
If there are more lamellae present, what occurs to gas diffusion?
gas diffusion increases
86
Narrowing the thickness of lamellae would do what to gas diffusion?
increase gas diffusion
87
What is Ficke's law?
m=(k x a x dp)/D
88
In Ficke's law, what does m stand for?
m stands for the rate of gas diffusion
89
In Ficke's law, what does k stand for?
K is a constant
90
In Ficke's law, what does a stand for?
a stands for the diffusion area of lamellae
91
In Ficke's law, what does dp stand for?
dp stands for the difference in pressure on either side of the membrane
92
In Ficke's law, what does D stand for?
D stands for the length of diffusion of membrane
93
What is special about the breathing systems of electric eels?
Electric eels have highly vascularized mouths and they gulp air and gas exchange occurs
94
What is special about the lung fish?
Lung fish are aptly named because they actually have a set of working lungs
95
What is so special about the labyrinthic catfish?
It is called the "walking catfish", and has modified it's gill filaments to short and wide so they don't become stuck together in the presence of air
Lamellae have also become modified into a ball like structure
96
What is an annularis?
A muscle in the buccal funnel
97
What is a hydrosinus?
In the lamprey, it is a section of their sinuses that allows them to breath and eat at the same time
98
What is the Ampullae of Lorenzi in sharks?
Tiny pores that allow them to sense electrical signals
99
What are the two types of swim bladders, and what is the difference?
physostomas: connected to the stomach and more primative
physoclistous: more derived
100
In a co-current, osmosis will occur until about what percent?
50%
101
In a counter-current, osmosis will occur until about what percent?
Since their will always be a osmotic gradient, osmosis can occur until pretty close to 100%
102
What is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
hemoglobin
103
What are the 3 qualities of fish that contain no red blood cells?
- Antartic habitat
- low metabolism-> Very sedentary
- diffusion
104
What two types of fish have no red blood cells as larvae?
Eels and tarpons
105
What is one of the good qualities of fish that have no red blood cells?
They are clear-> which makes them excellent at camouflage
106
What is the formula for hematocrit?
(# RBS)/MM^3
107
What would be the comparison of hematocrit of a sedentary fish such as the goosefish, and an active fish such as a mackeral?
Goosefish: 867,000 (low)
Mackeral:3,000,000 (high)
Basically in a sedentary fish you would observe a low hematocrit count, and in an active fish you would observe a high hematocrit count.
More active=More 02=more hematocrit and vice versa
108
Tsat is an indication of what?
Loading
109
Hb x O2: What are the steps?
Loading
Carried
Released
110
Where is oxygenated blood carried?
to metabolically active areas
111
```
Fill in the chart:
Tissue SG
Bone ____
Muscle/ ____
Cartilage
Fats&Oils ____
Av. h20 ____
```
```
Tissue SG
Bone ~2.0
Muscle/ 1.05-1.11
Cartilage
Fats&Oils .9-.93
Av. h20 1.06-1.09
```
112
What is an example of a low density compound that some fishes use to decrease their density in water?
squalene: a hydrocarbon with a SG of ~0.86
113
What are two morphological adaptations that increase lift in H2O?
heterocercal tail
| Pectoral fins
114
What is a negative in the reduction of heavy tissues to increase buoyancy?
The more reduction, the more fragile the fish becomes
115
What is the most common adaptation to increase bouyancy that is found in bony fish?
Swim bladder
116
What are the two types of swim bladders, and what is the difference?
the physostomous: has a physical connection between swim bladder and gut
the physoclistous: no physical connection
117
How do physostomous swim bladders work?
The fish gulps air, and fores the air into the pneumatic duct, and inflates the swim bladder.
For deflation, they use the gas puckerflex to release
118
How do physoclitous swim bladders work?
The fish use capillary beds called rete mirable to inflate the swim bladder. a structure called the oval organ is responsible for deflation
119
What is the negative of a physostomous swim bladder?
Fish must be close to the surface in order to gulp air?
120
Which of the swim bladders is oldest?
physostomous swim bladders are very old, while physoclistous is more modern
121
Some fish don't have swim bladders, what type of habitat do they live in?
fast current rivers
122
What is osmolality?
How much of a substance is dissolved
| MOsm/L
123
Freshwater Fish are what type of osmolality?
Fresh water fish are hyperosmotic due to having a higher salt concentration than the surrounding water, which leads to constantly having their salt flow out and water flow in
124
If freshwater fish have no way of stopping water from coming in, what occurs?
They undergo 'internal drowning'
125
How do freshwater fish prevent "internal drowning" and combat their hyperosmotic state?
They use the glomeruli of their kidneys and essentially urinate constantly to flush excess water. Urine from these fish is incredibly dilute. (Although debated) it is thought that they use alpha chloride cells to gain salt back from their food
126
Marine bony fish have what osmotic state?
Hypoosmotic, the water's osmolality is significantly higher than theirs, so they are at risk of loosing water and gaining too much salt
127
How do marine bony fish combat this hypoosmotic state?
Since marine bony fish can loose upwards of 30-60% of their water per day, they produce VERY concentrated urine in very small amount and drink upwards of 7-35% of their body weight per day to rid salt. They also use beta chloride cells to rid salt
128
Marine elasmobranches have what osmotic state?
hyperosmotic or can be isoosmotic,
| they are ~1100 Mos/kg while saltwater is 1000Mosm/kg
129
What is special about the salt concentration of marine elasmobranches?
Their 'salt' concentration does not come from salt but instead urea.
Since urea is actually toxic, they use TMSO to detoxify urea in their blood.
Their blood content of urea is ~2.5%
130
The rectal gland of elasmobranches does what?
gets rid of NaCl
131
What is the correlation between the amount, diameter, and relative volume of the glomeruli in kidneys in the different habitats of fish?
The hyperosmotic fish (Freshwater and Marine Elasmobranches) have a higher number of glomeruli, larger diameters, and higher relative volume due to their need to flush out the excess water.
On the flip side, marine fish have low numbers of all these due to their need to retain as much water as possible
An example:
Catfish (F.W) has an av. relative vol. of 127
Flounder (S.W) has an av. relative vol of 3
132
How do marine Antartic species avoid having their body fluids freeze, when the water is colder than their freezing point depression?
- slow metabolism
- reduction of hematocrit
- loose hemoglobin
- increase cardiac output (pump blood faster)
- AFGP (Anti-freeze glycoproteins that prevent ice crystals from forming)
133
What type of growth do fish have?
indeterminate
134
What is the correlation between intestines relative to body size compared to what type of food fish eat?
```
From short to long and coiled-
carnivore
omnivore
herbivore
detrivore
```
135
```
What is the energy content of these various foods-
Herbivore
Carnivore
Detrivore
omnivore
```
```
From greatest energy content to least-
Carnivore
omnivore
herbivore
detrivore
```
136
Carnivores (highest energy content food) will have what type of intestintes
short, relative to body size and a straight tube
137
The larger the intestine, with the most surface area would indicate animal with what time of feeding style?
-say intestine was 15-21 times the length of body
This would indicate that the animal was a detrivore, (AKA ate food with low nutritional value)
138
What are the formulas for growth in fish?
I=G+M+E
| I-E=G+M
139
What does the I stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?
Ingested energy
140
What does the E stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?
Excreted energy AKA waste
141
What does the G stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?
Growth
142
What does the M stand for in the formula for indeteriminate growth in fish?
Energy devoted to metabolic needs
143
Any energy over minimum energy can be devoted to ________.
growth
144
Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:
| How does temperature affect growth?
Most fish grow more at a higher temperature
-BUT over the bell curve of preferred temperature growth goes down, because the energy cost is too high at over preferred temp
145
Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:
| Oxgygen concentration in water affects growth how?
If oxygen content in water is above the basal level of concentrated oxygen, fish will grow more
146
Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:
| Ammonia levels will affect growth how?
The more ammonia in the water, the more growth will decrease
147
Enviromental Factors contributing to growth:
| Salinity affects growth how?
The higher the salinity in the water, the more growth will decrease
148
Alot of what we know about growth rates in under _____________ _____________
controlled conditions
149
What are the downsides to Mark and Capture style of tracking growth?
Downside is the recapture
150
The most common way of tracking growth?
Rings on structures-
Scales develop at birth and enlarge from outside margin so growth can be tracked via counting the scales
You can also use ostoliths
151
What is one of the most inexpensive ways of tracking growth?
Length frequency
You track age/length over time by capturing different fish
152
What is a way of instantaneously tracking growth rate?
Radioactive update
Taking a scale and adding it to a medium of radioactive glycin and seeing enlargement
153
Is is almost morphologically impossible to tell the difference between male and female fish with the exception of the?
elasmobranches
154
How is it very easy to tell M/F fish?
internally
155
How much of the B.W do the male testes take up in fish?
~12%
156
How much of the B.W do the female ovaries take up in fish?
~30-70%
157
Which sex of fish has the most energeic cost in reproduction?
Females
158
Some fish have required Secondary Sex Characteristics which are used for?
- copulation
- oviposition
- incubation
159
What are some examples of some required Secondary Sex Characteristics in fish?
*hint: 3
- claspers in sharks
- Gonopodium in mosquito fish
- Brood pouches in seahorses
160
What modification of the anal glands occurs in mosquito fish that is used in reproduction?
modification of the soft rays in anal glands for internal fertilization
161
What are some of the accessory secondary sex characteristics used for in fish?
- courtship
| - aggression
162
What are some examples of accessory SSC?
| *hint:4
- bright colors
- bolder markings
- longer fins
- breeding tuberucles/contact organs
163
What do male suckers use their accessory SSC longer fins for?
They have elaborate anal fins used for guiding sperm
164
Dimorphism:
| Which sex of fish is usually larger and why?
Females are normally larger than males due to the body mass needed for eggs
165
The size of the egg normally correlates to?
the incubation period
166
In the 1970's what did Balon come up with to try and quantify fish mating?
Ecoecological guilds
167
What are the Eco-ecological guilds?
- Nonguarding
- Guarders
- Bearers
168
What are the subsets of the Non-guarding guild?
Open sustratum
| Brood hiders
169
What is the reproductive strategy of Non-guarders->Open sustratum?
Fish shed clouds of gamets in a specified breeding area
170
What is the reproductive strategy of Non-guarders->Brood hiders?
Fish attempt to hide the eggs
171
What are the subsets of the guarding guild?
Substratum choosers
| Nest builders
172
What is the difference between sustratum choosers and nest builders
One parent guards eggs, and the nest builder subset builds nest for eggs
173
What are the subsets of the bearer guild?
Internal bearers
| External bearers
174
Bearers do what?
carry embryos to term
175
In regards to the guilds, which guild will have the most eggs, and what is the trade off for this?
The non-guarders have millions of eggs, but no parental care.
176
In regards to the guilds, which guild will have the least eggs, and what is the trade off for this?
bearers will have the least eggs, but with high parental care
177
The amount of eggs trades off with?
parental care
178
The axial skeleton includes?
the skull and vertebrae
179
The appendicular skeleton includes?
limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle
180
Pre-caudal vertebrae are?
vertebrae with ribs attached
181
caudal vertebrae are?
Vertebrae with no ribs but with neutral and hemal spines
182
An otolith is?
ear bones in fish
183
A myomere is?
one unit of muscle
184
A myosepta?
connects units of muscle
185
What is the lateral superficialis?
The red muscle band along sides of fish
