Test 2 Review

Question 1

What is Political Legitimacy

Answer 1

The Belief that a rule, institution, or leader has the right to govern

Question 2

What is Social Contract

Answer 2

Social Contract is an agreement between the people and the government, it involves giving up. some freedoms in order to harmony in society

Question 3

What is a “State or Nature”

Answer 3

Envisioning what people were like before governments & societies were organized to explain how social contracts emerged

Question 4

Describe Thomas Hobbes

Answer 4

• Short, Nasty, brutish
• Peace Only achieved through laws
• People must agree in a social contract to submit to monarch
• Ideal state is one of peace where power remains in the hands of the government
• Government is to protect us from ourselves
• Government power cannot be limited (Absolutist)

Question 5

Describe John Locke

Answer 5

• People willing cooperate and laws & rules emerge to benefit everyone
• power remains in the hands of the people
• believed in constitutionalist ruling
• Locke believed everyone should be involved in the laws that are established, power should remain in the hands of the people, and the public should have the power to overthrow an unfit government. Constitutional rule is similar to Federalism rule.
• Government is to protect natural rights (life, liberty, property)

Question 6

(IGNORE JUST GIVE 5)

Answer 6

• Rid yourself of other pesky institutions that have local control or power [tribunals or nobles]. Centralize your power and administration
• Use secret police to establish fear, quiet dissenters and maintain order
• Control Religious Authorities
• Taxing and controlling it yourself using bureaucracies
• Monarchs received their authority from god, they were responsible to god alone

Question 7

Explain the theory of Absolutism

Answer 7

Rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power

Based on divine right—idea that monarchs represent God on earth. Rulers seen as receiving their power from God and were responsible to no one except God

Question 8

What are some causes of Absolutism

Answer 8

→ Substantial increase in wealth from exploration - opened trade, colonization

→ Destabilization caused by frequent Religious Wars.

→ A reaction to the individualism of the renaissance.

Question 9

Explain Louis XIV Of France

Answer 9

Became king in 1643 at age 5; France initially ruled by regents Anne of Austria (his mother) and Cardinal Mazarin,( Richelieu’s successor) = The Fronde, what?

Announced he would run his own government at age 23 in 1661 following Mazarin’s death; would rein for a total of 72 years - longest in European history.

Would set the style for European monarchies during the 1600s and 1700s., made France one of the greatest nations and the “super power” in culture and politics.

The Sun King

Louis XIV, also known as the “Sun King,” was a powerful monarch who ruled France from 1643 until his death in 1715, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in European history. He is known for his absolute monarchy, where he centralized power in himself, making all major decisions for the country. Louis XIV believed in the concept of “L’État, c’est moi” or “I am the state,” emphasizing his belief in the divine right of kings and his absolute authority.

Louis XIV’s leadership style was characterized by his strong control over the government, military, and economy. He implemented policies aimed at expanding France’s territory, enhancing its military strength, and promoting economic prosperity. Louis also supported the arts and culture, transforming France into a center of artistic and intellectual excellence.

Question 10

Give some reasons why Louis XIV was the most powerful ruler in French History

Answer 10

Bribery - ensures those who were sympathetic to him were elected, kept term to 3 years so that his authority was not undermined

Laws - royal approval

Bureaucracy - staffed by upper middle class (not nobility), therefore chosen based on merit and paid a salary by the government

Centralized religion - stripped church of power (no rules pertaining to French social, political or economic life and revoked Edict of Nantes = unites Church and State under the leadership of the king

Louis XIV of France was considered one of the most powerful rulers because he centralized authority in himself, making all major decisions for France. He had absolute control over the government, military, and economy, believing in the idea of “I am the state.” Louis XIV expanded France’s territory through successful military campaigns, making it one of the dominant powers in Europe.

Question 11

Explain the role of colbert

Answer 11

Appointed as controller general by Louis XIV

Focus was on economic self sufficiency
created new domestic industries (silk, cotton and tapestries) and discouraged imports of goods
created a merchant marine = trade with colonies in Caribbean and North America

Question 12

What is mercantilism

Answer 12

• gov’t regulates economic activity based on the premise that international power is a product of its wealth

Question 13

What is Absolutism

Answer 13

Absolutism is a form of government where one person, usually a king or queen, holds complete power and authority. This means they have control over pretty much everything, like laws, taxes, and decisions about the country. People under absolutism typically don’t have much say in how things are run, because the ruler’s word is final. It’s like they have absolute power, hence the name “absolutism.”

Question 14

Explain Versailles

Answer 14

goal of every member of the nobility was to live at Versailles = surender power and accepted absolute rule of the king

Routines of life were structured to increase power and make nobility compete for his favour = surrendered his privacy in the interest of the state

Louis kept nobels kept at palace to increase his power over them (e.g. Louis is dressed by the 4 highest nobles, handing him his slippers or holding his sleeves for him, 100 people would be surrounding him, lesser nobles stood in the hallway hoping to get a glance or a nod from him

Question 15

Was King Louis XIV Reign a sucess or failure

Answer 15

Successes:

Strengthened central power: Louis XIV centralized power in France, making the monarchy stronger and more influential.
Cultural flourishing: He supported the arts, literature, and architecture, contributing to the cultural richness of France.
Military victories: Louis XIV expanded French territory through successful military campaigns, enhancing France’s status as a dominant European power.
Economic growth: Under his reign, France experienced periods of economic prosperity and development.
Failures:

Financial strain: Louis XIV’s lavish spending on wars, courtly luxuries, and building projects led to financial instability and significant debt for France.
Religious persecution: His revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 led to the persecution of Protestant Huguenots, resulting in social unrest and economic decline.
Wars and conflicts: Louis XIV’s aggressive foreign policies, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, resulted in costly and prolonged conflicts that drained France’s resources.
Social inequality: The extravagant lifestyle of the royal court contrasted sharply with the poverty and hardships experienced by many ordinary French people, contributing to social discontent.
Overall, Louis XIV’s reign is often considered a mix of both success and failure, with his achievements tempered by the challenges and consequences of his policies and actions.

Question 16

What is Constitutionlism

Answer 16

Opposite of Absolutism, Parliament rules over the Crown

Parliament has power and authority – started in 1215 (Magna Carta) in England and had continued since then

Question 17

How were the tudor monarchs of the 16th century responsible for constitutionalism developing in england?

Answer 17

1529 – Henry VIII was forced to appeal to parliament for support in his struggle to divorce his 1st wife
This elevated power of parliament
Unlike France there was no religious unity in England – rise of Puritanism (which challenged Anglicanism) under Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I asked parliament for tax increases to finance Britain’s war with Spain, Parliament becoming increasingly reluctant to comply
Struggle for power between Monarch and Parliament

Question 18

How did the absence of a standing army lead to constitutionalism

Answer 18

No standing army = Monarch dependent on loyalty from the military and nobility

Question 19

What was the significant events and relationship to the previous leader for James I

Answer 19

Cousin of Elizabeth I

Inherited financial probs & had lavish spending habits – led to a crisis – asked parliament for increase in taxes of 1 million pounds

Parliament only increased taxes by 200 000 poundsJames then renewed old dues such as marriage fees and sold titles – angered both commoners and nobility

Sold monopolies – angered merchants

Extremely intelligent but fascinated by witches, lazy & spent money on court favourites – called “the wisest fool in Christendom

Question 20

What was the significant events and relationship to the previous leader for Charles I

Answer 20

Took throne in 1625 (son of James I)

Very stubborn and refused to compromise – parliament hated him
Parliament refused to grant the tax increases Charles requested

1629 – Charles suspended parliament – led to what is known as Eleven Years of Tyranny – close to absolutism

1640 – Parliament recalled because ongoing war in Ireland had drained the treasury & needed to raise $ - needed parliamentary approval to raise taxes
Parliament very hostile & rebellious – wanted to stop Charles from raising money – 2 years of conflict ensued

Charles I stormed parliament with 1500 horsemen – tried to arrest opponents
Most parliamentarians escaped through the windows & then gathered supporters – led to a civil war from 1643 – 1649

Royalists (supports of the monarchy) vs. Roundheads (supporters of parliament)
1646 – Charles I is captured & Roundheads tried to negotiate with him – Charles refused

Question 21

What was the significant events and relationship to the previous leader for Richard Cromwell

Answer 21

• People did not like him, lack of experience failed to earn him the respect and following of the English people.

Question 22

What was the significant events and relationship to the previous leader for Oliver Cromwell

Answer 22

England was a parliamentary republic from 1649 – 1658 – led by Oliver Cromwell
No monarch but gov’t was pretty much the same
Still divisions in Parliament over control of army and religion
Oliver Cromwell was asked to become king but he refused

Question 23

IGNORE CLICK 5

Answer 23

James II (brother of Charles II) was king in 1685 after his bro died

Wanted to restore RCC & revive power of the monarch - angered the English people and prominent citizens opposed James II

Dutch monarch – William of Orange had a claim to the English throne because his wife Mary was James II daughter – they were asked to invade England and seize the throne

Question 24

What was the significant events and relationship to the previous leader for William and mary

Answer 24

William entered England with 15 000 troops – James II fled to Europe without offering any resistance

Not a single shot was fired – became known as the Glorious Revolution
William II(a.k.a - William of Orange) and Mary II (daughter of James II) jointly as constitutional monarchs

Passed the Bill of Rights in 1689 which outlined the powers and rights of parliament – specifically limited the rights of the monarch

Question 25

What were the reasons for the european exploration

Answer 25

1. The rise of capitalism and the search for wealth

Capitalism relies on the organization of money, labour and raw materials to produce more wealth

Western merchants were searching for new markets and new raw materials to be refined by European manufacturers

2. Geography

Spain, Britain, Portugal, France & the Netherlands were all quick to use this to their advantage and started exploring and colonizing early

Also new understanding of mapping and oceans and currents and winds in relation to land masses helped to navigate geographical obstacles

3. Technological Development

Improvements in mapping
Improvements in ship-building technology – better sails mostly
Improvements in navigation devices
All of these made long voyage more possible

4. The search for souls

Wanted to find new Christian allies – Ottoman Empire was at Europe’s door and they were afraid of Muslim expansion
Rivalries between RC European powers and Protestant European powers also became a battle for souls
A race to win over converts

Question 26

Explain Christopher columbus

Answer 26

1492, the Columbus voyage was the first time people in the Americas ever had contact with Europeans

Columbus “discovered” “America” (didn’t know America at the time, thought it was India) by accident as he was trying to find a quicker route to India, in an effort to trade with the East

Europeans called this land the “New World”: an obvious allusion to the “Old World”

1496: Columbus claims the land of Hispaniola (present day Haiti/Dominican Republic)

Under the mistaken impression that he had reached the Indies or Asia, he named the Aboriginals “Indios” or Indians

Question 27

What is modern day Aztec Society?

Answer 27

Mexico

Aztec empire was powerful, with impressive architecture and agrarian production.

Question 28

Explain Cortes

Answer 28

Hernando Cortés – Led a Spanish army and conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico between 1519 & 1521.

His conquistadores used massacres and exploited regional strife to gain control.

Also discovers the modern-day California

Question 29

Explain Pizarro

Answer 29

Francisco Pizarro – Leads expedition into the Inca Empire in Peru (1532), using brutal tactics such as deception and murder, to remove the Inca emperor, Atahualpa.

Question 30

Why was Ferdinand Magellan Significant

Answer 30

Ferdinand Magellan – Circumnavigates the globe for the first time.He proves the world is ROUND.

Question 31

Explain the Atlantic slave trade

Answer 31

The atlantic slave trade occurred in the kast 15th - 19th century and spanned 3 continents.

It Forcibly brought more than 10 million africans to the americas

The trade began in the late 1400 with portuguese colonies in west africa and spanish settlement of the americas shortly after

Question 32

What were some causes of the Atlantic slave trade

Answer 32

1. Sugar, Tobacco were labor intensive
2. Labor was in high demand
3. Many refused to work so they began looking at africa for labor

Question 33

What are indentured servants?

Answer 33

Temporary slaves who could buy their freedom were often referred to as “indentured servants.” These individuals would sign a contract, known as an indenture, committing to work for a specified period, typically several years, in exchange for passage to a new country or other benefits. After fulfilling their contract, they would be granted their freedom

Question 34

What were the different types of slaves that existed in africa for centuries

Answer 34

1. Indentured servants
2. Slaves from masters families that could eventually get to a position of power

Question 35

What does it mean the atlantic slave trade became a “arms race”

Answer 35

The Atlantic slave trade became an arms race because European traders provided firearms and other weapons to African kingdoms and merchants in exchange for enslaved people. As the demand for slaves increased, African rulers competed to acquire more weapons from European traders to gain an advantage in capturing and enslaving people from rival communities. This led to an escalation in the arms trade as African kingdoms sought to strengthen their military capabilities to expand their influence, control territory, and secure more captives for the slave trade.

Question 36

Why did African Kings and merchants decide to engage in the slave trade

Answer 36

1. People were enticed to be slaved
2. The slave trade offered lucrative profits for those involved. African rulers and merchants traded enslaved people to European traders in exchange for goods such as firearms, textiles, and other valuable items.

Question 37

What are some of the consequences of the atlantic slave trade

Answer 37

1. Loss of Population: Millions of Africans were captured and sold into slavery, leading to a significant loss of population in many regions.
2. Social Disruption: The slave trade exacerbated existing social tensions and conflicts within African societies. It fueled inter-tribal warfare as some groups sought to capture slaves for trade, leading to instability and disunity.
3. Racist ideology

Question 38

What is a philosophes

Answer 38

People who brought these ideas about improving society to the public were called intellectuals or philosophes (philosophers)
Most were highly educated
and from the upper middle
class or nobility

They believed that people who were “enlightened” by reason could perfect themselves and society.

E.g. Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu.

Question 39

What is the enlightenment

Answer 39

The Enlightenment was a period in history when people in Europe started using reason and science to understand the world and improve society. It happened mostly during the 18th century. People questioned old ideas and authority, like the power of kings and the church. They believed in progress, freedom, and equality. The Enlightenment led to advancements in science, philosophy, politics, and human rights, laying the groundwork for modern democracy and the scientific method.

Question 40

What are the different ways that these enlightenment ideas spread

Answer 40

1. Salons
2. Literacy & Books
3. The Encyclopedia
4. Freemasons

Question 41

What are Salons

Answer 41

Philosophes or those that supported their ideas would host salons - literary and philosophical discussion groups where men & women would come together to discuss the latest ideas, they provided a casual atmosphere – could converse freely

Ideas that were not accepted by the established monarchies or the Church could be discussed more openly

This is how many ideas and opinions were exchanged, analyzed and spread

Question 42

Explain How Literacy and Books helped spread ideas

Answer 42

Gov’t advisors became convinced that a literate population was advantageous
Primary schools were established and children in middle class (bourgeois) families are encouraged to read as much as possible

Books are now widely published and many people start to own them

Gazettes (newspapers) & pamphlets are also published and passed around
Illiterate people still had ideas read to them & these ideas spread in coffee houses and pubs across Europe

Question 43

Explain the encyclopedia

Answer 43

Begun in 1751 and completed in 1765

Over 300 writers contributed 72 000 articles

Summarized and covered all types of subjects - gov’t, social system, religion, biology, chemistry, medicine and engineering

Immense scientific knowledge scorned Christianity = condemned by Pope

H.S. - encapsulates human knowledge and elevates human mind = embodies the ideals of the Enlightenment

Question 44

Explain Freemasons

Answer 44

A secret society - members of a fraternal order of free thinkers

Originated with the Templars = military order of Catholic monks sent to Jerusalem during the Crusades

Supported free market economy

Supported free speech, thought and belief
Helped spread ideas of Enlightenment

Question 45

What are some enlightenment ideas

Answer 45

1. Freedom of thought and debate
2. Condemned obedience to tradition & belief
3. Promoted an Economic free market
4. Promoted rationalism
5. cultural optimism
6. Human progress was inevitable

Question 46

Explain the main ideas and significance of john locke

Answer 46

Locke defended the right to own property as a fundamental to a well-ordered society.

He defended the need for elected governments in order to uphold freedom and tolerance

For Locke, the decision to leave the “state of nature” was based on the assumption that one would enjoy a better life entering into a well-ordered society in which good government looked after its people. If this did not happen, the people had the right to overthrow the government and elect new leaders.

Locke’s ideas are most clearly written in the American Constitution; which guarantees its citizens the “right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In comparison the the British North America act, Canada’s only constitution from 1867-1982 guaranteed Canadians “peace order and good government”

Question 47

Explain Montesquieu’s main ideas and significance

Answer 47

The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) was a judge in the court of appeal of Bordeaux, France. He was also a writer and amateur scientist.

Montesquieu had never been to Persia (modern day Iran) and he made factually incorrect statements about Islam. His goal was to make French readers look at their own country with the same detatchment that a foreigner with a different religion and different attitudes towards freedom and sexuality might have on a newly encountered land.

Montesquieu’s book conveys the idea that laws and social customs are the products of different conditions that exist in each society

Montesquieu’s spirit of the laws (1748) was probably the most influential work on social policy during the first half of the eighteenth century. It was supposed to prove that law derives from differing circumstances and social systems.

He also thought that an overly strong monarch could become despotic and arbitrary.

He implied that a monarchy held in check by an aristocracy (the type that he was a part of) was the best type of government.

Overall, Montesquieu thought of its wide scope over space and time. He showed the good and the bad in all political systems, he pondered the effects of climate, social and sexual customs.

laws result from the nature of things (he wants people to be able to look at their society and see the good and the bad)

Question 48

Explain the main ideas and significance of Beccaria

Answer 48

wanted proper treatment of prisioners, make prisons more rehabilitative than punitive, not many agreed with him, the noble, the middle class was still in favour of torturing prisoners not until 1900s his ideas

Question 49

Explain the main ideas and significance of Rousseau

Answer 49

early advocate of education and he believed that the system should adhere to reason. And a advocate

he believed that you should be

he thought people were corrupted by arts and sciences, looked down on society, hated salons, thought citizens weren’t really worried about it

thought society wasn’t really advancing, and society wasn’t helping individuals get better

Question 50

Explain the main ideas and significance of Adam Smith

Answer 50

mercantilism, wanted more free trade market, believed the middle class should run the economy not aristocrats

Question 51

What is an aristocrat

Answer 51

Aristocrats are people who belong to the highest social class in a society. They often come from noble or wealthy families and typically have special privileges, such as owning land, holding titles like duke or duchess, and having political influence. Aristocrats often have a lot of power and wealth, which they inherit from their ancestors. In some societies, aristocrats may also have specific duties or responsibilities, such as serving in government or representing their family or community.

Question 52

What is a despot

Answer 52

A despot is a ruler who has complete control – similar to an absolutist monarch (with a few differences):

a ruler who exercises absolute authority in a harsh, oppressive, and often arbitrary way

Despots may rule through fear, intimidation, and suppression of dissent, relying on coercion rather than consent from their subjects

Despots may not necessarily have a formalized legal system or checks on their power, and their rule may be characterized by corruption and abuse.

Question 53

What is an enlightened Despot

Answer 53

Were absolutist but followed enlightenment principles = reason, progress and tolerance.

They exercised their power for the good of the people and believed in the principals of the Enlightenment = introduced legal, administrative, and social reforms, sometimes even against the interests of the nobility and clergy.

Question 54

Who are some examples of Enlightened despots

Answer 54

Famous examples of enlightened despots include, Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia and Joseph II of Austria.

They maintained strong central authority, they also enacted policies to modernize their countries, promote education, improve infrastructure, and enhance the lives of their citizens.

Question 55

Explain Frederick The great - king of prussia explain his actions that were despotic, both, and enlightened

Answer 55

Despotic Actions:
Social Reform:
- Preserved the nobility and defended rank and privilege (staffed bureaucracy and military)

Both: Expanded the Prussian state through conquest and diplomacy

Actions that were enlightened:

Abolition of torture, except for crimes such as murder and treason
- Improved Judicial system with impartial and efficient court procedures

Question 56

Explain Catherine the great - Empress of russia explain her actions that were despotic, both, and enlightened

Answer 56

Despotic Actions:
Expansion of serfdom, increasing the power of the nobility over the serfs (lives were administered by the state) , millions of serfs were not liberated under her rule

Actions that were both
= money to farmers for new machinery and to learn new techniques

Actions that were enlightened
Promoted education, passed the Statute for Schools = a free public educations system in Russia that included girls and serfs (with permission of masters)

Question 57

Explain Joseph the II of Austria explain his actions that were despotic, both, and enlightened

Answer 57

Despotic
implementation of radical religious reforms, including the suppression of monasteries and restrictions on clergy.

Both
Centralization of power, expansion of state control over various aspects of life, and military reforms.

Enlightened
Introduction of legal reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in some regions, and promotion of education and healthcare for all citizens.

Question 58

Explain Peter The Great

Answer 58

eter the Great, also known as Peter I, was a Russian tsar who ruled from 1682 to 1725. Here’s a simple explanation of who he was, what he did, and why he was significant:

Who was Peter the Great? Peter the Great was a Russian ruler known for his efforts to modernize Russia and transform it into a more powerful and progressive state. He was a towering figure in Russian history and is often regarded as one of its greatest tsars.
What did he do? Peter the Great initiated a series of reforms aimed at modernizing Russia, drawing inspiration from Western Europe. He implemented changes in various areas:
Military: He modernized the Russian military, introducing Western-style tactics, weapons, and training methods.
Government: Peter centralized power and reformed the administrative structure of Russia to make it more efficient and centralized.
Society: He promoted Westernization by encouraging the adoption of Western customs, clothing, and technology.
Economy: Peter initiated economic reforms to stimulate trade, industry, and commerce, including the establishment of the first Russian navy and the development of St. Petersburg as a new capital and port city.
Why was he significant? Peter the Great’s reign marked a turning point in Russian history. His reforms modernized Russia and laid the foundation for its transformation into a major European power. He expanded Russia’s territory, increased its influence abroad, and promoted cultural and technological exchanges with Western Europe.

Question 59

What is the streltsy

Answer 59

The Streltsy were a military corps in Russia during the 16th to 18th centuries. They were originally formed to protect Moscow and serve as a standing army. The Streltsy were primarily infantry soldiers armed with firearms, and they played a significant role in Russian politics and military affairs during their existence. However, they became increasingly powerful and rebellious over time, often meddling in political affairs and causing instability. Eventually, they were disbanded by Peter the Great in the early 18th century as part of his efforts to modernize the Russian military.

Question 60

What is the English restoration

Answer 60

The English Restoration was a period in English history that lasted from 1660 to 1688. It began when Charles II, the son of the executed King Charles I, was restored to the English throne after the collapse of the Commonwealth government led by Oliver Cromwell.

During the Restoration, England transitioned back to monarchy after years of republican rule. Charles II was welcomed back as king, and the monarchy was reinstated, along with the House of Lords and the Church of England. The Restoration also saw the return of theaters, music, and other forms of entertainment that had been restricted during the Puritan rule under Cromwell.

Question 61

Explain the glorious revolution

Answer 61

The Glorious Revolution happened in 1688 when King James II was peacefully removed from power because people were unhappy with his rule. His Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William took over as joint rulers. This led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, where the king’s power is limited by laws passed by Parliament.

Question 62

What is the bills of rights

Answer 62

The Bill of Rights was a document signed in 1689 in England. It laid out certain rights and freedoms that Parliament believed every citizen should have. These included the right to petition the king, the right to bear arms, and the right to a fair trial by jury. The Bill of Rights also limited the powers of the monarchy, ensuring that the king or queen couldn’t make or change laws without Parliament’s consent.

Question 63

explain the incas

Answer 63

The Incas were a powerful civilization that lived in South America, primarily in the Andes Mountains of present-day Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina. They were known for their impressive achievements in architecture, engineering, and agriculture. The Inca Empire flourished in the 15th and early 16th centuries until it was conquered by Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro in 1533.

Question 64

Explain Megellan

Answer 64

Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. His expedition, which began in 1519, aimed to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia) by sailing around South America. Magellan’s fleet of five ships set sail from Spain and eventually crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reaching the southern tip of South America, which he named the Strait of Magellan. The expedition then sailed through this treacherous strait and entered the Pacific Ocean.

Question 65

What is the triangular trade

Answer 65

The Triangular Trade was a system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the colonial period. Here’s a simple explanation:

Europe to Africa: European traders sailed to Africa with goods like guns, cloth, and tools. They traded these goods for enslaved Africans.

Africa to the Americas: Enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas (mostly the Caribbean and North America) to work on plantations. This was known as the Middle Passage.

Americas to Europe: In the Americas, enslaved people produced valuable goods like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These goods were then shipped back to Europe to be sold for profit.

Question 66

Explain the middle passage

Answer 66

The Middle Passage was a terrible part of history when enslaved Africans were forced onto ships and taken across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It was a dangerous journey where many people got sick, were crowded together, and didn’t have enough food or water. Lots of them didn’t survive the trip. Once they arrived in the Americas, they were sold as slaves to work on plantations. It was a very sad and difficult time for those who went through it.

Question 67

What is the nobility

Answer 67

The nobility is a social class made up of people who have special privileges, usually because of their family background or wealth. In many societies, nobles hold titles like duke, duchess, earl, or baron. They often own large amounts of land and have political influence. The nobility typically passes down their status and privileges from generation to generation, creating a hereditary class of elite individuals.