Test 1 Review Flashcards
What is the Middle Ages
historians argue that Humanists (thinkers) of the Renaissance invented this construct in order to further distinguish their work in the Renaissance
They looked back at the years 400-1400 BCE and saw nothing but ignorance, poverty and darkness, referred to this period as a thousand-year period of darkness and ignorance = middle age Mediaevum = Medieval Times
Characterized by Theology as the principal ideological view of the world, so little movement in artistic and scholarly thought “Christendom” - Europe as one large church-state
Where did the Middle Ages exist mostly
Western Europe
When did the Middle Ages happen
Period in European history from collapse of the Roman civilization to the beginning of the Renaissance (5th century/400 CE to the 13th-15th century/1400 CE), divided into the Early, High and Late Middle Ages.
Who was involved in the Middle Ages
The middle ages reflected the people who brought them on: the Barbarians, most notable were the Vandals, the Huns and Goths.
The need to stand up to raiders marked the beginnings of nations, as local lords became willing to join forces pledging allegiance to a strong king who could bring them together to fend off attackers (e.g. Charlemagne)
How did the Middle Ages function
Began when the Roman Empire collapsed and cities weren’t as important anymore = economy becomes less trade based and commercial = local agriculture and land ownership becomes the most important commodity. This political and economic system became known as FEUDALISM
What is feudalism
A system for structuring society around relationships derived from holding of land (known as a fiefdom or fief) in exchange for service or labour.
What is an overlord
A person who gave land to another; they were known as overlords
What is a receiver of land called
the receiver of the land were known as vassals.
What role did the church play in feudalism
Keeps records of Feudal system, as it is the only literate remaining body, so it is a legal arrangement Also able to gather land, as it was often donated by a peasant (got into heaven)
If a person died with no heir, the church took it and if a man became a priest, his land would go to church after death - this is why priests do not marry
Why were the Middle Ages Significant
Secularization, Individualism, Capitalism
Explain Secularization
the process of transformation by which a society moves from close identification with religious institutions to a more separated relationship.
Explain Individualism
The belief that people should be able to act freely grew as the nobility was giving way to a growing middle class
Explain Capitalism
A mainly agricultural society was transformed back to that dominated by cities and towns due to a rise of trade, coupled with the impulse to explore.
When and where did the Black Death occur
Originated In Asia and spread east through land trade routes and also through the travel of Mongol forces first strikes Europe in 1348.
First area impacted in Europe is sisilie. Spread through rats
100 Years War between France and England has begun (1337), infrasture and winter spreading the disease.
What were the 3 different types of the Black Death
- Bubonic
- Pneumonic
- Septicemic
Explain the Bubonic Type of Black Death
Bubonic: Bacterial, spread by fleas; symptoms include lymph node swellings that damaged tissue and turned skin black. Wiped out of 50% percent of the people affected. Most common form
Explain the Pneumonic Type of the Black Death
Pneumonic: Spread through infected saliva coughed up by bubonic infected humans; attacked the lungs. Essentially you choked on your own lungs/saliva. Wiped out 90% of people affected.
Explain the Septicemic type of Black Death
Septicemic: Victims experience an infection of the blood and circulatory system that leads to sepsis (poisoning of blood and tissue). 100% mortality rate of people affected.
Why were the lower class more vulnerable to the Black Death
Lower class was more vulnerable to the disease because they lived in wooden homes, rather than the higher class who lived in stone/brick castles.
Why were innocent Jews and non Catholics killed during the Black Death?
Jews, and cultural outstanders who were not Christian were killed as a way to please god. They believe that the wrath of God was a cause of the plague.
Explain the flagellants
Flagellants punished themselves in large groups for the sins of greater society, and as a way to also appease god. They beat themselves.
How Else did the Black Death spread further
Non-infected people tried to leave their villages, but the disease spread.
What were some of the socio-economic impacts of the Black Death
Scarcity of human labor = higher, competitive wages in some places
Upper classes attempt to control wage increases, which in turns leads to peasant rebellions.
Many move to the city for better work …an effective end to the manorial system and eventually to feudalism.
Common people begin to question another level of authority, such as the church (blaming, killing, punishing to make god happy but nothing seems to work, so church loses power)
Explain the loss of faith in the papacy
Loss of faith in the Papacy = interest in other forms of religious expression, Le. the Flagellants.
What was art like during the Black Death
Art was used to represent how people during the black death were psychologically affected. The Art often contained skeletons.
What was the renaissance
It was a time of rebirth, along with learning, art, architecture. Along with a focus on life on earth rather than the afterlife
When did the renaissance take place
Lasts from about 1350-1600 in Europe
Where did the renaissance start
Italy - specifically Florence & spread from there
Why did the renaissance start
Italy had been exposed to new ideas because of the Crusades
They wanted the luxury goods that came from the Crusades
They were hard hit by the bubonic plague - so the same amount of wealth was spread amongst fewer people - meant they had more money to spend on other things = this new “middle class” became patrons of the arts
They controlled the money of most of Europe - they were the bankers of Europe at the time
Italy were known as the bankers because they were close to the Mediterranean Sea, so that gave them the opportunity to steal and get other things like silver.
Define nation
a group bound together by common elements such as history, language, religion, culture etc. It is not the same as a country - a country may be made up of many nations (e.g. the UK)
Define state
sometimes used as a synonym for country - an independent land with an independent government. Italy for example was known as “city states” because they do not know the concept of a whole country.
Define city-state
a small Independent country usually based around a large city and its surrounding areas
Define city-state
a small Independent country usually based around a large city and its surrounding areas
What is a papal state
Church still in control of the state
What did Milan specialize in during the renaissance
• Military power
• Hereditary dynasty
• Trade also important
• Buffer between France & Italian City-States
What did Venice specialize in during the renaissance
Port btwn Mideast and Asia
Spices, food & silk
Glass producers
Enormously wealthy
What did Rome specialize in during the renaissance
• Popes became patrons of the arts
• Summoned people like Michaelangelo
• All money going to church
• Popes have unique role - religious leaders for all of Europe as well as leader of the government of Rom
What was the role of religion during the renaissance
The Roman Catholic Church played a role as they were important because the majority of people in Europe were catholic at the time, and church is the center of daily life
1/10 of europes income went to the church, they had the most land owned in Europe, so the RCC Had a large amount of wealth so they paid for hospitals, welfare, education
The church had 3 major tasks:
1. Providence (Gods Justice)
2. Salvation (Given by the church going to heaven)
3. Community (Prayer, shared worship and celebration)
What is humanism
Humanism was the rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts. It is also a focus on life on earth, not just on getting into heaven.
Learning becomes important again, with focus on art, architecture, logic and anatomy.
Literature was used to develop character. Humanism saw an as a rational being who possess truth and goodness. We have the ability to think for ourselves not allowing “destiny” to fill in the hands of someone.
What is the renaissance man?
A person who mastered all areas of art and thought. Essentially a man who has a wide range of interests and expertise in different areas like: math, science, art and literature and excels at all of them.
They do NOT have to be wealthy, just has to be extremely smart.
Embodies traits of humanism and individualism, limitless in his area for development
What is the renaissance woman?
Renaissance women were known to be pure and innocent girls growing up. As they got older they were to be ruled over by men, they should marry well and give birth to boys only, they should be attractive or beautiful, and lastly they should be educated enough to entertain men, but their education was not rigorous.
Explain Leonardo Da Vinci’s Virtruvian man artwork
It is a iconic famous work of art that also has a legacy
It includes ideas of all: math, religion, philosophy, and the artistic skill of the time period
It provided info on how we saw ourselves as man. Generally man saw themselves as between ourselves and the centre of the universe, and through rational thoughts and discussions we have the ability to be a god, or behave like a animal