Test 2 Renal Flashcards
Anatomy of kidneys
Attached to the abdominal wall at the level of the last thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae
Enclosed in the renal capsule
Cortex
Outer layer of the renal capsule
Medulla
Surrounded by the cortex
Functions of kidneys
Maintain homeostasis of the blood
Excrete end products of metabolism
Control fluid and electrolyte balance
Excrete bacterial toxins, water-soluble drugs and drug metabolites
Secrete renin and eryhropoietin
Play a role in the function of the parathyroid hormones and vitamin D
Nephron
Functional renal unit
Composed of glomerulus and tubules
Glomerulus
Encased in Bowman’s capsule
Filters the fluid out of the blood
Tubules
Fluid is converted to urine in tubules and urine then moves to pelvis of kidneys
Urine flows from the pelvic of kidney through the ureter and empties into the bladder
What the tubules include
Proximal distal and Henle’s loop
Urine production
As fluid flows through the proximal tubules water and solutes are reabsorbed
Water and solutes not reabsorbed become urine
Selective reabsorption
Determines the amount of water and solutes to be secreted
Prostate gland
Surrounds male urethra
Contains a duct that opens into the prostatic portion of the urethra and secretes the alkaline portion of the seminal fluid
Risk factors associated with renal disorders
Frequent UTIs
High sodium diet
Contact sports
Trauma and injury
History of hypertension
Family history of renal disease
Medication use
Associated conditions
Normal BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
5-20 mg/L
Normal Serum creatinine
0.6-1.3 mg/dL
Normal Creatinine clearance
100-120 mL/minute
Normal acid serum
2.5-8.0 mg/dL
Normal Uric Acid Urine
250-750 mg/24 hours
Urinalysis
A urine test for evaluation of the renal system and for determining renal disease
Implementation of Urinalysis
Wash perineal area
Use a clean container
Obtain 10-15 mL of the first morning sample
Lookout for in urinalysis
Refrigerated samples may alter the specific gravity
If client is menstruating, indicate in lab requisition form
Physical exam of urinalysis
Color
Clarity
Specific gravity
Chemical exam of urinalysis
Urine pH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones
Blood
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
WBCs
Nitrites
Leukocyte esterase
Specific gravity
Urine test that measures the specific gravity of the urine
Evaluates concentrating and excretory ability of the kidneys and hydration status
Results of specific gravity
High indicates concentrated urine - dehydration
Low indicates dilute urine - overhydration