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Animal Reproduction > Test 2 Questions > Flashcards

Test 2 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Indifferent gonad

A

Primordial germ cell migration (Proliferating as well)

Y Chromosome has SRY (Development of testis)

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2
Q

SRY is a _____ cell.

A

Somatic cell NOT germ cell

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3
Q

Testosterone

A

From Leydig Cell -> wolferian ducts

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4
Q

AMH

A

From Sertoli Cell -> Regression of mullerian ducts

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5
Q

Estradiol & DHT: Function?

A

Masculinize the male brain
DHT: More potent androgen than testosterone
can not turn into estradiones

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6
Q

Testosterone converted to E2 by…

A

Aromatase

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7
Q

Testosterone converted to DHT by…

A

5 alpha-reductase

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8
Q

a-fetoprotein function?

A

Prevents estradiol from crossing into the brain and masculinizing it

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9
Q

3 types of cysts

A
  1. ) Follicular Cyst
  2. ) Lutenized Follicular Cyst
  3. ) Cystic Corpus Luteum
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10
Q

What causes a cyst?

A

Disfunction of H/P/G axis

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11
Q

Physical signs of a cyst

A
  • Nymphomania
  • Lack of muscle tone
  • Excessive discharge
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12
Q

Treatment if cysts present:

A
  • Rupture with fingers
  • GnRH -> Release of LH
  • hCG -> LH-like
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13
Q

Would you rather give GnRH or hCG?

A
  • GnRH because it is well conserved and natural.

- hCG is derived from humans and can cause problems/not work

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14
Q

Cystic Ovarian Disease

A

Dairy: Early Lactation
Genetics/Heritability
Nutrition/Season

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15
Q

T/F A cow can get pregnant when a cyst is present.

A

False

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16
Q

Follicular Cyst

A

Follicle that keeps growing and doesn’t ovulate or lutenize

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17
Q

Lutenized Follicular Cyst

A

Thin layer of luteal tissue

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18
Q

Estrogenic VS. Non-Estrogenic

A

Late cysts are usually non-estrogenic

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19
Q

Cyst causes hormonal changes. What are they? (4)

A
  • Increase in angiotensin: stimulates blood vessels
  • Increase in EP4: Receptor to Prostaglandin B
  • Decrease in FBF -> P4 (cellular differentiation)
  • Decrease in indian hedgehog protein precursor (Cell Proliferation)
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20
Q

Hedgehog Family (3)

A

Indian Hedgehog
Conic Hedgehog
Desert Hedgehog

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21
Q

Follicle innervation

A

Theca cells
B- Adrenergic Receptors
non-Adrenaline

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22
Q

In cysts, what increases? What decreases?

A

Increase in Cortisol (stress)

Decrease in Reactive Oxygen

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23
Q

Humans PCOS

A
  1. ) Hyper-androgen
  2. ) Oligo or anovulation: ovulation disfunction
  3. ) Polycystic ovarians

Only need 2 of the 3 symptoms

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24
Q

What is Spinnbarkeit?

A
  • Influenced by estradiol
  • Elasticity of cervical mucus
  • More mucus produced
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25
Q

What is Metritis?

A
  • Inflammation of uterus

- Inflammation of endometrium including glandular and myometrium.

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26
Q

What is Endometritis?

A

-Inflammation of endometrium and glandular tissue only

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27
Q

What are the 3 causes of metritis?

A
  1. ) Systematic infection could target uterus
  2. ) Venereal (Bull with STTD can transmit)
  3. ) **Post-Calving
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28
Q

Endometriosis

A

-Where endometrial tissue is growing outside the uterus (could be abdominal cavity, ovary, oviduct, etc. - Painful Everything)

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29
Q

What is nymphomania?

A

Constant display of estrus

30
Q

When is metritis most often observed?

A

Most often observed post-calving (40-45 day around involution)

31
Q

What induces cysts?

A

ACTH

32
Q

What can affect follicular growth?

A

Cysts on ovaries

33
Q

What triggers parturition?

A

Cortisol

34
Q

What does PGF2a do? What two organs does it affect?

A

Regresses CL, induces contractions

-Affects ovary and uterus

35
Q

What does OT do?

A

Contractions, OT-R increased by E2, neural feedback

36
Q

What does P4 do? Produced by?

A

Relaxes myometrium = NO parturition

-Produced by CL and placenta

37
Q

What does E2 do?

A
  • Placental

- Affects OT-R, PGF2a-R

38
Q

What is the enzyme for final conversion of androgens to estrogens?

A

Aromatase

39
Q

More contractions =

A

More feedback

40
Q

High-energy/gain =

A

Earlier puberty

41
Q

Low-energy/gain =

A

Later puberty

42
Q

More invasive means…

A

More chance that fetal and maternal blood can mix

43
Q

In the male, the Wolfian ducts develop into testis. T or F

A

False - Gonads

44
Q

Mullerian ducts develop into…

A

Female parts

45
Q

In the male, SF1 induces/activates the testis determining factor, Sry. T or F

A

False - SOX-9 induces Sry

46
Q

In the male, fetal leydig cells differentiate into adult leydig cells. T or F

A

False

47
Q

A male with an extra Y chromosome is expected to be of normal fertility. T or F

A

True

48
Q

A female with an extra X chromosome is expected to be of normal fertility. T or F

A

True

49
Q

Describe how/why the fetal female brain is not masculinized?

A

The female brain is not masculinized because alpha-fetoprotein acts as a barrier and does not let E2 get into brain.
Without estradiol in the brain, the female can develop female-like traits and characteristics since estradiol in the brain causes masculinization.

50
Q

During seasonal anestrus in the ewe, estradiol will decrease pulse amplitude of LH released by the anterior pituitary. T or F

A

False - During estrus this occurs

51
Q

During seasonal anestrus in the ewe, P4 will decrease the pulse frequency of LH released by the anterior pituitary. T or F

A

True

52
Q

The secretion of serotonin by pineal gland is the primary regulator of seasonal anestrus in the ewe. T or F

A

False - Secretion of melatonin

53
Q

Puberty in the heifer calf is expected to be delayed if that animal is reared on a low plane of nutrition. T or F

A

True - low energy diet = later puberty

54
Q

During sexual differentiation in the male, describe hormonal signals involved in the development and regression of the Wolffian an Mullerian ducts.

A

Type - Hormone - Cell type
Wolffian - Testosterone - Leydig cells
Mullerian - Anti-mullerian hormone - Sertoli cells

55
Q

Describe how/and by what the fetal male brain is masculinized.

A

Masculinized by estradiol reaching the brain. Specifically, Male - testis –> Testosterone –> Brain –> 5-alpha-reductase goes to DHT –> Aromatase goes to E2

Female - ovary –> Estradiol –> alpha-fetoprotein binds to E2 and stops it from getting into the brain

56
Q

The gonadostat hypothesis equates the changes that occur in feedback at puberty to a resetting of the hypothalamic/pituitary/gonadal axis “thermostat”. T or F

A

True

57
Q

Name the 3 defining criteria of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women. Indicate how many of these criteria must be met to be diagnosed as having PCOS.

A
  1. ) Anovulation/ Oligo-ovulation
  2. ) Androgenemia
  3. ) Polycystic ovaries

*Only 2 of 3 need to be present to have PCOS

58
Q

A heifer has a large, estrogenic follicular cyst. If I compared the relative expression of mRNA for Angiotensin in tissue collected from this cyst versus estrogenic dominant follice, would I expect to see a difference?

A

Yes

59
Q

A heifer has a large, estrogenic follicular cyst . If I compared the relative expression of mRNA hedgehog protein precursor in tissue collected from this cyst versus an estrogenic dominant follicle. Would I expect to see a difference?

A

Yes

60
Q

A heifer has a large, estrogenic follicular cyst. Would I expect to see differences in steroidogenesis among small follicles (3-5mm in diameter) that were present on the same ovary of this animal?

A

Yes. E2 and T4 would increase and there would be no change in P4.

61
Q

A heifer has a large, estrogenic follicular cyst. Would I expect to see differences in steroidogenesis among large follicles (10-15mm in diameter) that were present on the same ovary of this animal?

A

No. There is no changes in P4, E2 or T4. They remain constant.

62
Q 
Detecting heat in...
Cows?
Pigs?
Humans?
Sheep?
A

Cows - mount each other
Pigs - back pressure test
Humans/Primates - sexual activity frequency increases around time of fertility (male driven)
Sheep - Flehmen’s response displayed by males. Method used to detect pheremones. Only stand still when in heat (use vasectomized male to detect)

63
Q

With Flehmen response, what is the chemoreceptor?

A

Vomeronasal organ

64
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Sexual posture, arching of the back

65
Q

Will the female seek the male if he cannot get to her and she is in estrus?

A

YES

66
Q

Will the female seek the male if he cannot get to her and is castrated and she is in estrus?

A

No

67
Q

Abortion in cattle causes bacterial problems:

A

1.) Brucellosis: aborts 6-9 months into pregnancy

2.) Leptospirosis:
Host-adapted: Cow –> Cow
Non-hostadpated: Other species –> Cow

68
Q

Abortion in cattle causes protozoal problems:

A

Trichomoniasis - highly contagious
Protozoal colonize in the repro tract
Bulls (penis/prepuce) carry and pass to Cows (vagina)
Even if infection is low, it can be spread easily.
Clears itself up after 6mo of being sexually abstinant

69
Q

Abortion in cattle causes viral problems:

A
  1. ) Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) causes infertility (breeding season - including early embryonic death) and abortion (pregnancy)
    - Modified live vaccine

2.) Infectious Bovine Rhinotrachitis (Red nose) - Herpes

70
Q

Length of spermatic cycle in bulls

A

2 months

Animal Reproduction (6 decks)

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