Quiz 3 Flashcards
What 5 systems are affected in the mom during pregnancy?
Reproductive System Digestion Metabolism Cardiovascular Respiration
At 90 days of pregnancy in the ewe, the corpus luteum is secreting ___% and the placental unit is secreting ___% of the P4 that can be measured in peripheral blood.
50%, 50%
What must maintain myometrium in a relaxed state?
P4
Cardiovascular changes in the mother (8)
1.) More blood
2.) Increased cardiac output
3.) Changes in hemodynamics
4.) Increase in contents: RBC’s
5.) Increase in heart rate and blood
pumped out
6.) Decrease in vascular resistance
7.) Blood pressure remains the same
8.) More coagability of the blood
Pre-Eclampsia
- Condition in humans with increased blood pressure
- Can kill mom and baby
- Only cure is delivery
Respiratory Changes in the mother: The mother’s respiration rate _____ and she requires _____. The mother’s lung capacity _____.
- Respiration rate increases and she requires more O2
- Lung capacity decreases
Changes in Metabolism in the mother (4)
The fast-growing fetus and placenta require _____. Food intake _____. Digestion changes: Ability to _____ more, _____ food passed through. _____ in fat deposition.
- Requires energy
- Food intake changes.
- Ability to absorb more, decreased food passed through
- Increase in fat deposition
Placenta is a _____ product.
Steroidogenic product
Simple Diffusion: Is energy required? What’s involved?
- No energy required
- Oxygen, Lipophilic (fat dissolvable)
- High to low concentration
Restricted Diffusion: Is energy required? What’s involved?
- No energy required
- Pore Size
- Hydrophilic
- Mamitol
Facilitated Diffusion: Is energy required? What’s involved?
- *Energy required
- Carrier protein
- D-Glucose
Active Transport: Is energy required? What’s involved?
- Amino Acids- Maternal to fetal
- Moves AGAINST concentration gradient: *Needs energy
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Is energy required?
*Requires Energy
What forms the umbilical cord?
Amnion wrapping around allantois
Apposition
Embryo and membrane are expanding into mom
Adhesion
Attachment of the embryo
6 layers of separation
1) Fetal Endothelium
2) Fetal Connective Tissue
3) Fetal Chorionic Epithelium
4) Maternal Endometrial Epithelium
5) Maternal Connective Tissue
6) Maternal Endothelium
Pigs, Cows, and Ewe - layers present?
All 6 layers
Epitheliochorial
Dogs and Cats - layers present?
4 layers
Endotheliochorial
1) Fetal Endothelium
2) Fetal Connective Tissue
3) Fetal Chorionic Epithelium
6) Maternal Endothelium
Humans and Rodents - layers present?
3 Layers
Haemochorial
1) Fetal Endothelium
2) Fetal Connective Tissue
3) Fetal Chorionic Epithelium
Placentomes: Which parts maternal and fetal?
Fetal/Placental cotyledon
Maternal caruncle
Endometrial Cups
Produce ECF (FSH like)
3 extra embryonic membranes
Embryo: Inside
Allentois: Vascular
Chorion
Luteal/Placental Shift
Placenta making enough P4 to get rid of corpus luteum
Luteal/Placental Shift in Ewes
55 days
Luteal/Placental Shift in Mares
70 days
Luteal/Placental Shift in Women
2 months
Luteal/Placental Shift in Cattle
7-8 months
Luteal/ Placental Shift in swine
NEVER
Corpus luteum lasts the whole time
E2 induces…
-Increase in oxytosin receptors and prostaglandin receptors
Myometrium
P4 induces…
- Removal of myometrial blocks
- Induces contractions
Prostaglandins induce…
- Luteal regression
- Contractions
Oxytocin
-Release of PGF2a which causes contractions
Estradiol
-Increases secretions to increase lubrication of the birth canal
PGF2a
-Corpus luteum or placenta to relaxin
In the ewe, PGE2a stimulates secretion of P4 by the corpus luteum. T or F
True
During a normal pregancy, maternal blood pressure is significantly increased. T or F
False
During parturition, relaxin is secreted from the __________ and it functions to induce relaxation of the _________.
Corpus luteum; myometrium/pelvic ligaments
During parturition in the ewe, describe how cortisol affects the maternal placenta.
Cortisol increases: PGF2a (induces CL regression), E2 (which increases OT-R and FP - affects myometrium)
Coritsol decreases: P4 –> myometrial block –> increase contractability –> parturition
During parturition in the ewe, a neuro-endocrine feedback loop facilitates uterine contractions. Describe.
Increases PGF2a –> Stimulates uterus contractions –> pressure on cervix (leads back up to hyp (OT))
During pregnancy, the ability of maternal blood to coagulate decreases. This is believed to be a preventative measure by the body to avoid thrombosis. T or F
False: Blood coagulation increases during pregnancy
What hormone increases proliferation of secretory cells?
E2
What hormone increases secretions: histotroph, enzymes, energy substrates?
P4
What are the 5 ways that nutrients can cross?
- ) Simple diffusion
- ) Restricted diffusion
- ) Facilitated diffusion
- ) Active transport
- ) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Cotelydons and caruncles fuse to make _____.
Placentomes
Which is avascular? Chorion or Allantois?
Which is vascular?
Chorion - avascular
Allantois - vascular
What surrounds/protects the embryo?
Amnion
In the ewe, placentation can be considered endotheliochorial. T or F
False - epitheliochorial
Identify the tissue responsible for production of eCG and the species of animal producing it.
eCG - Equine endometrial cups
What is the role for eCG during early pregnancy?
Acts as FSH, follicular development, luteal, more CL for progesterone
Chorion forms from the _____.
Trophectoderm
_____ is derived from cavitation of the inner cell mass.
Amnion
Fetal connective tissue includes the basement membrane of _____.
Chorion
Maternal connective tissue includes the basement membrane of _____.
Endometrium
Fetal cortisol acting on placenta: what is the end result?
^ PGF2a
^ E2
Decrease P4
Physiological response of P4 decrease:
Contractions of uterus, remove myometrial block to contraction
Physiological response of PGF2a ^:
Decrease P4 by regressing CL, uterus contractions
Physiological response of E2^:
^ OT-R, ^ FP (PGF2a-R) - myometrium
