Test 2 Pt. 2 (Ch. 4) Flashcards
drug
chemical substance that affects bodily functions, mood, perception, or consciousness
-potential for misuse and may be harmful to user or society
drug abuse
use of socially unacceptable drugs and/or excessive or inappropriate use of acceptable drugs that lead to phys., mental or social harm
addiction
complex phenomenon that involves drug user’s phys./mental dependence, type of drug, amount and frequency of use
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
individuals must meet criteria outlined in DSM
-severity (mild, moderate, severe) based on # of criteria met
AUD criteria
1) spent a lot of time in activities related to alcohol
2) used alcohol in greater amounts or time than intended
3) developed tolerance
4) unsuccessful attempts to cut down on use
5) continued use despite phys. health or emotional problems associated w/ alcohol
6) reduced or eliminated participation in other activities due to alcohol
7) experienced withdrawal
8) problems at work, home, and school due to alcohol
9) regularly using alcohol and doing something phys. dangerous
10) repeated trouble w/ law due to alcohol
11) continued use of alcohol despite family or friend problems
alcoholism
state of being addicted to alcohol with following symptoms:
-craving
-loss of control
-phys. dependence
-tolerance
social problems associated w/ alcohol use
-accidental injury, sexual assault, murder, family violence
-divorce, suicide, fetal harm, ruined health
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
-most successful large-scale program, conversion through fellowship with other alcoholics who’ve mastered their problem or doing so
-insists drinkers face up to shortcomings and make amends, build up self-esteem
-addicts must acknowledge lack of control over alcohol and abstain from alcohol for the rest of their lives
most commonly used drugs
-alcohol, marijuana, prescription drugs or cold medicines (for nonmedical purposes)
-hallucinogens (LSD), cocaine, inhalants, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)
-methamphetamine, crack cocaine, heroin
problems associated w/ misuse of prescription drugs
widely available but heavily controlled, young adults and adolescents obtain drugs through friends and street dealers
-use of multiple drugs (poly drug use)
-mixing of drugs for recreational use
examples of misused perscription drugs
-opium-derived pain medicines
–Oxycontin and Vicodin
-benzodiazepine tranquilizers
–Valium and Xanax
-sedatives and sleeping pills
–Ambien and barbiturates
-diet pills
–prescription amphetamines
objective aspect of drug use
degree to which a substance causes bodily, mental, or social problems for social group (family, community, society)
subjective aspect of drug use
how people see the consequences of drug use and how their perceptions result in social action concerning drug use (norms, policies, laws, and programs)
rehabilitative approach of alcohol and drug use
-gave grants to states for creation of programs for alcoholism
-prevention and treatment projects and incentives for private hospitals that admit patients w/ alcohol-related problems
2 types of treatment programs
1) therapeutic communities
2) methadone maintenance
therapeutic communities
way to attack high relapse rate of addicts who are detoxified and returned to larger society
-enable individuals to reenter social life at their own pace, reduces shock of moving from protective institutional enviro. to outside world
-
methadone maintenance
synthetic narcotic used in treatment for heroin addicts
-satisfies addicts’ physical craving, preventing the agonizing symptoms of withdrawal
2 forms of social policy addressing drug and alcohol abuse
1) control strategies
2) law enforcement
control strategies
attempts to help individuals or groups control own behavior coupled w/ efforts to build local institutions that offer help
law enforcement
crack down on sale or use of drug, treatment = incarceration
-arrests (police, court, and correctional time) are expensive and may contribute to labeling process in which an excessive drinker -> alcoholic -> behaves accordingly
-believed that revising drug laws can ease drug problem or legalizations
-impose trade sanctions on countries that supply illegal drugs or reduce military assistance
statistics
15 million+ Amer. (12+ yrs.) suffer from Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
-alcohol is implicated in 20% of all fetal highway accidents, approx.1/3 of all homicides, and 20-25% of drownings and boating deaths
-excessive drinking contributes to 88,000 deaths per yr. in U.S.
-alcoholics can expect to live 10-12 fewer yrs. than nonalcoholics
-heavy drinking among men is most common at 21-30 yrs.,m and 31-50 yrs. for women
-alcohol use by the offender was a factor in:
–37% of rapes and sexual assaults
–15% of robberies
–27% of aggravated assaults
–25% of simple assaults
-1 in 5 females and 1 in 71 makes will exp. e sexual assault in college
-drivers under influence of alcohol kill about 10,000 people a yr.
-80% of victims and perpetrators know e/o
-abuse of prescription drugs has risen among 12-25 yrs.
-drug use is high among 18-24 yrs.
how/why statistics are underestimated
doesn’t sample young people who have dropped out of school
–major pop. in study of drug use
-vaping not included in annual survey until 2015
-statistics on female alcoholism may be misleading
–women and their drinking patterns become more visible in society
–researchers are only now identifying the female alcoholic
–women may still be hiding drinking problems at home
drug abuse
use of socially unacceptable drugs and/or excessive or inappropriate use of acceptable drugs that lead to phys., mental or social harm
