Test 2 - part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

mA’s

A

milliamperage per second

responsible for xray quantity

used to adjust optical density and contrast

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2
Q

if mA’s are too high

A

film will be overexposed

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3
Q

if mA’s are too low

A

film will be underexposed

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4
Q

kVp

A

kilovoltage peak

refers to amount of energy an xray beam possesses

controlled by electrical potential and voltage

related to degree of xray penetrability

responsible for xray quality

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5
Q

a change in __% in kVp is needed to notice visible film changes

A

4%

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6
Q

a change in _____% kVp is equivalent to 50% change in mAs

A

10-15%

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7
Q

____% change in mAs is required to observe changes in optical density

A

30

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8
Q

reducing time of exposure will result in ______ the patients radiation dose

A

reduce

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9
Q

relationship between mAs and kVp that results in production of equivalent image density

manipulates the tube voltage by the 10 kVp will result in same image density change by changing the mAs by 50%

A

10kVp rule

doesnt apply for radiographic images acquired at less than 60 kVp or greater than 100 kVp

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10
Q

blurring of the shadow of an image with lowering of sharp edges corresponding to object shape

increase in focal spot with increase ______

change in ______ is proportional with object film distance

increase film distance increases ______

A

penumbra

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11
Q

decrease in light or xray intensity is inversely proportionate to square of the distance of the object to the source

light xray exit as a cone and the intensity decreases due to spreading out effect

wavelength remains fixed

radiation intensity is inversely related to the square of th distance from the source

if distance is increased 2x the intensity is reduced by 1/4

when distance is cut by 1/2, intensity is increased by 4x

A

inverse square law

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12
Q

results with the cloud of electrons emitted from the cathode

A

thermionic emission

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13
Q

what 3 events occur as electron cloud approaches anode

A

cathodes electrons lose kinetic energy

99% of interaction of electrons at target result in heat production

remainder of electrons will produce bremsstrahlung or characteristic radiation

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14
Q

photon production increases with _____ in kVp

A

increase

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15
Q

at 60 kVp - only ____% are x photons

A

.5

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16
Q

at 100 kVp - ____% are x photons

A

1

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17
Q

occurs in tube

majority of xrays

electrons emitted from cathode hit the anodes target which contains a high atomic number Z

strong nucleic field of positive charged protons begin to project electrons

some projectile electrons change their course and deflect with some or all of their original kinetic energy being LOST

results in energy released as xray photons known as

A

bremsstrahlung radiation

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18
Q

german for breaking or slowed down radiation

A

bremsstrahlung

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19
Q

energy ranging from zero to maximum kinetic energy (Emax) when they hit the anode depending on nucleic field

continuous spectrum wiht peak 1/3 of Emax

A

bremsstrahlung radiation

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20
Q

occurs in tube

produced when a projectile electron interacts with inner K shell electrons

projectile electrons energy exceeds binding energy of K shell electron resulting in removal of the K electron from its orbit

outer L shell electron will fill the void

this results in energy released as

A

characterisitc radiation

21
Q

interaction is very specific, xray photon has specific energy = to difference in binding energies of orbital electrons - in diagnostic xrays, only the K characteristic xray emission is important

A

characteristic radiation

22
Q

each element has its characteristic electron binding energy

each characteristic xray will be different

effective energy of characteristic xrays is directly related to atomic number Z of particular element

A

characteristic elements

23
Q

energy of different photons emitted from xray tube

A

xray emission spectrum

24
Q

contains precise fixed energies and form descrete emission spectrum

A

characteristic xrays

25
spectrum production varies between 0 and the highest energy peak of each photon
bremsstrahlung
26
xray energy and wavelength are _____ related
inversely
27
\_\_\_\_% of energy is converted to heat and the other \_\_% is converted to xray
99% - heat 1% - xray
28
negatively charged, made of tungsten filament filament gets heated and starts emitting its surface electrons through thermionic emission
cathode
29
positve charged, made up tungsten disc fast moving xrays interact with ____ causing interaction with K shell electrons producing characteristic radiation and/or interaction and deflection of projectile electrons with the nucleus causing bremsstrahlung
anode
30
energy in transit, either as particles or electromagnetic waves
radiation
31
characteristic of various materials to emit ionizing radiation
radioactivity
32
removal of electrons from an atom high energy radiations when interacting with matter
ionization
33
as wavelength decreases.. energy and ionizing potential will
increase
34
form of man made electromagnetic radiation
xray
35
produced from the xray tube high voltage electrons produced by cathode during thermionic emission the electrons interact with the anode resulting in production of
xrays
36
penetrate most matter invisible no charge makes compounds emit light cause ionization
xrays
37
photoelectric absorption is related to atomic number if atomic number increases the photoelectric absorption
increases
38
most likely to occur with lossely bound outer shell electrons
compton scatter
39
most likely to occur within inner shell electrons, with tightyl bound electrons when xray energy is higher than electron binding energy
photoelectric absorption
40
as atomic number increases compton scatter \_\_\_\_\_
does not change, no effect
41
as mass density increases compton scatter \_\_\_\_\_
increases
42
creates fogging and lower image contrast
compton scatter
43
occurs because of compton scatter, photoelectric effect, and xrays transmitted through patient
differential absorption
44
opaque matter obstructs the transmission of radiant energy when xrays are obstructed the film appears light - like bone
radiopaque
45
non opaque being permeable to radiation/xrays when xrays are not absorbed and obstructed the film appears dark - like air
radiolucent
46
differential absorption increases as kVp is \_\_\_\_\_\_
reduced
47
process by which radiation loses power as it travels through matter and interacts with it beam attenuation is the basis of contrast
exponential attenuation
48