test 2 (lec 9-15 + labs) Flashcards
ecology
the science of how organisms interact with each other and the environment
latitudinal patterns describe…
how the sun heats the earth
what is the main factor differentiating terrestrial biomes
latitude - latitudinal gradient
what is the effect of thermal inertia on biomes
more thermal inertia = more temperate
less thermal inertia = more extreme
adiabatic lapse rate
relationship b/w temperature drop and altitude gain
weakest of: hadley, polar, ferrell
polar
hurricanes are deflected east as…
they move away from the equator
hurricanes are deflected west as…
they move towards the equator
westerlies blow from __ to __
west to east
latitude of westerlies
30N-60N, 30S-60S
latitude of trade winds
0-30N, 0-30S
latitude of polar easterlies
> 60N, >60S
doldrum
low wind region near the equator
horse latitudes
low wind regions near 30S and 30N
coriolis effect
wind twists as it travels away/towards the equator
cold water -> __ air and warm water -> ___ air
dry, moist
current
packet of water in circulation patterns
isoenzyme
enzymes encoded by 2+ loci
allozyme
different allelic form of the same protein
monomeric enzyme
composed of 1 polypeptide chain
dimeric enzyme
composed of 2 polypeptide chains
requirement of hardy weinberg equilibrium
no changes in the gene pool
how do local adaptations affect speciation
speed up speciation
allopatric speciation
caused by geographic isolation
sympatric speciation
subpopulation evolves w/i an existing population
reciprocal transplant study
change the environment of some individuals with the same genotype and see if their phenotypes change
plasticity is usually an adaptation to…
unpredictable environments
plasticity is most common in what type of organism
plants
taxon
a single named taxonomic unit at any level
binomial nomenclature
[genus], [species]
phylogenetics
the study of evolutionary history of life using genetics
clade
any piece of a phylogeny that includes a MRCA and all its descendants
homoplasy
similarities b/w organisms are not due to common descent but due to convergent evolution
systematics
study of biodiversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms
nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent…
speciation events
ingroup
the focal species in a phylogenetic study
outgroup
a more distant relative of the ingroup
role of outgroup
helps identify shared ancestral and shared derived traits
monophyly
a group made up of an ancestor and all its descendants
paraphyly
a group made of an ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants
polyphyly
a group that doesn’t contain the most recent common ancestor of all members
what’s the speciation continuum
the process of species formation
how does speciation relate to adaptive radiation
adaptive radiation promotes for speciation
3 ways that pests can develop pesticide resistance
pre-existing genetic variation in the population, new mutations, gene flow
solution to herbicide resistance
multi-herbicide treatment
what features of the cell help prevent competition b/w cells
mitosis, meiosis, multicellularity
what is meiotic drive
allele can bias its own transmission
what do restorer alleles do
silence alleles that have biased transmission
overreplication
the spread of transposable elements
transition-selection balance
TEs that cause transposition that disrupts an important gene will be selected against
examples of concepts of species
taxonomic, biological
ernst mayr
distinguished reproductive isolation as a way to define a species
biological concept of species
gene flow should be possible
pre zygotic barriers
barriers that may prevent mating or prevent zygote formation
post zygotic barriers
barriers to zygote fertility
what is a mechanical zygotic barrier
genitalia incompatibility
what is a cellular zygotic barrier
sperm can’t penetrate the egg
cause of intrinsic post zygotic barrier
genes in 2 populations are incompatible
cause of extrinsic post zygotic barrier
mismatch in environment
convection
heat transfer facilitated by a moving fluid
ectothermy
internal temperature conforms to outside temperature
endothermy
regulate internal temperature - doesn’t always match outside temperature
bergmann’s rule
cold environment = larger species (lower SA/V ratio)
allen’s rule
hot environment = longer + thinner appendages (higher SA/V ratio)
example of an objection to bergmann’s rule
insulation
how does fur/feather insulation work
creates dead air space that acts as an insulator
countercurrent circulation
direct contact b/w veins and arteries
evaporative cooling
evaporating water has a slight cooling effect, used in plants to prevent leaves from burning up
purpose of microphylly
produces turbulent airflow and increases thermal inertia
purpose of sclerophylly
nutrient efficiency, less likely to overheat
laminar flow
stagnant air builds up, leaf more likely to heat up
turbulent flow
more heat loss, enhanced CO2 access, better for leaves
terrestrial biomes are determined by…
latitude
what determines EM radiation distribuition
angle b/w surface of the earth and the sun
evelyn hutchinson
origin of the ecological niche idea
invasion steps
transport, establishment, spread, impact
possible reasons for invasion failure
biological barriers (competition, predators), abiotic barriers
transplant experiment
take organisms out of their habitat and see if they survive
why does species isolation occur
lack of dispersal
the earth rotates from…
west to east
