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bio120 > test 2 (lec 9-15 + labs) > Flashcards

test 2 (lec 9-15 + labs) Flashcards

1
Q

ecology

A

the science of how organisms interact with each other and the environment

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2
Q

latitudinal patterns describe…

A

how the sun heats the earth

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3
Q

what is the main factor differentiating terrestrial biomes

A

latitude - latitudinal gradient

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4
Q

what is the effect of thermal inertia on biomes

A

more thermal inertia = more temperate
less thermal inertia = more extreme

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5
Q

adiabatic lapse rate

A

relationship b/w temperature drop and altitude gain

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6
Q

weakest of: hadley, polar, ferrell

A

polar

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7
Q

hurricanes are deflected east as…

A

they move away from the equator

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8
Q

hurricanes are deflected west as…

A

they move towards the equator

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9
Q

westerlies blow from __ to __

A

west to east

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10
Q

latitude of westerlies

A

30N-60N, 30S-60S

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11
Q

latitude of trade winds

A

0-30N, 0-30S

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12
Q

latitude of polar easterlies

A

> 60N, >60S

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13
Q

doldrum

A

low wind region near the equator

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14
Q

horse latitudes

A

low wind regions near 30S and 30N

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15
Q

coriolis effect

A

wind twists as it travels away/towards the equator

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16
Q

cold water -> __ air and warm water -> ___ air

A

dry, moist

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17
Q

current

A

packet of water in circulation patterns

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18
Q

isoenzyme

A

enzymes encoded by 2+ loci

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19
Q

allozyme

A

different allelic form of the same protein

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20
Q

monomeric enzyme

A

composed of 1 polypeptide chain

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21
Q

dimeric enzyme

A

composed of 2 polypeptide chains

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22
Q

requirement of hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

no changes in the gene pool

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23
Q

how do local adaptations affect speciation

A

speed up speciation

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24
Q

allopatric speciation

A

caused by geographic isolation

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25
Q

sympatric speciation

A

subpopulation evolves w/i an existing population

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26
Q

reciprocal transplant study

A

change the environment of some individuals with the same genotype and see if their phenotypes change

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27
Q

plasticity is usually an adaptation to…

A

unpredictable environments

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28
Q

plasticity is most common in what type of organism

A

plants

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29
Q

taxon

A

a single named taxonomic unit at any level

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30
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

[genus], [species]

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31
Q

phylogenetics

A

the study of evolutionary history of life using genetics

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32
Q

clade

A

any piece of a phylogeny that includes a MRCA and all its descendants

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33
Q

homoplasy

A

similarities b/w organisms are not due to common descent but due to convergent evolution

34
Q

systematics

A

study of biodiversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms

35
Q

nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent…

A

speciation events

36
Q

ingroup

A

the focal species in a phylogenetic study

37
Q

outgroup

A

a more distant relative of the ingroup

38
Q

role of outgroup

A

helps identify shared ancestral and shared derived traits

39
Q

monophyly

A

a group made up of an ancestor and all its descendants

40
Q

paraphyly

A

a group made of an ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants

41
Q

polyphyly

A

a group that doesn’t contain the most recent common ancestor of all members

42
Q

what’s the speciation continuum

A

the process of species formation

43
Q

how does speciation relate to adaptive radiation

A

adaptive radiation promotes for speciation

44
Q

3 ways that pests can develop pesticide resistance

A

pre-existing genetic variation in the population, new mutations, gene flow

45
Q

solution to herbicide resistance

A

multi-herbicide treatment

46
Q

what features of the cell help prevent competition b/w cells

A

mitosis, meiosis, multicellularity

47
Q

what is meiotic drive

A

allele can bias its own transmission

48
Q

what do restorer alleles do

A

silence alleles that have biased transmission

49
Q

overreplication

A

the spread of transposable elements

50
Q

transition-selection balance

A

TEs that cause transposition that disrupts an important gene will be selected against

51
Q

examples of concepts of species

A

taxonomic, biological

52
Q

ernst mayr

A

distinguished reproductive isolation as a way to define a species

53
Q

biological concept of species

A

gene flow should be possible

54
Q

pre zygotic barriers

A

barriers that may prevent mating or prevent zygote formation

55
Q

post zygotic barriers

A

barriers to zygote fertility

56
Q

what is a mechanical zygotic barrier

A

genitalia incompatibility

57
Q

what is a cellular zygotic barrier

A

sperm can’t penetrate the egg

58
Q

cause of intrinsic post zygotic barrier

A

genes in 2 populations are incompatible

59
Q

cause of extrinsic post zygotic barrier

A

mismatch in environment

60
Q

convection

A

heat transfer facilitated by a moving fluid

61
Q

ectothermy

A

internal temperature conforms to outside temperature

62
Q

endothermy

A

regulate internal temperature - doesn’t always match outside temperature

63
Q

bergmann’s rule

A

cold environment = larger species (lower SA/V ratio)

64
Q

allen’s rule

A

hot environment = longer + thinner appendages (higher SA/V ratio)

65
Q

example of an objection to bergmann’s rule

A

insulation

66
Q

how does fur/feather insulation work

A

creates dead air space that acts as an insulator

67
Q

countercurrent circulation

A

direct contact b/w veins and arteries

68
Q

evaporative cooling

A

evaporating water has a slight cooling effect, used in plants to prevent leaves from burning up

69
Q

purpose of microphylly

A

produces turbulent airflow and increases thermal inertia

70
Q

purpose of sclerophylly

A

nutrient efficiency, less likely to overheat

71
Q

laminar flow

A

stagnant air builds up, leaf more likely to heat up

72
Q

turbulent flow

A

more heat loss, enhanced CO2 access, better for leaves

73
Q

terrestrial biomes are determined by…

A

latitude

74
Q

what determines EM radiation distribuition

A

angle b/w surface of the earth and the sun

75
Q

evelyn hutchinson

A

origin of the ecological niche idea

76
Q

invasion steps

A

transport, establishment, spread, impact

77
Q

possible reasons for invasion failure

A

biological barriers (competition, predators), abiotic barriers

78
Q

transplant experiment

A

take organisms out of their habitat and see if they survive

79
Q

isolation

A

lack of dispersal

80
Q

the earth rotates from…

A

west to east

81
Q
A

bio120 (2 decks)

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