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bio120 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 core tenets of evolution

A

living things change over time, adaptations arise through natural selection

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2
Q

what does evolution challenge?

A

the view of special creation

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3
Q

what are the 5 verified conclusions about evolution right now

A
  1. organisms have changed thru time
  2. changes are gradual
  3. lineages are split by speciation
  4. all species have a common ancestor
  5. adaptations result from natural selection
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4
Q

what causes biodiversity and adaptation

A

evolution!

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5
Q

what is biodiveristy

A

number and kinds of living organisms in a given area

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6
Q

what are the 2 meaning of adaptation

A
  1. a trait that increases an organism’s fitness
  2. evolutionary process that leads to such traits
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7
Q

2 main areas of evolutionary study

A
  1. evolutionary history
  2. evolutionary mechanisms
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8
Q

microevolution is…

A

studying evolutionary patterns and processes within species

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9
Q

macroevolution is…

A

studying evolutionary patterns and processes among species

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10
Q

goal of evolutionary history

A

analyze evolutionary relationships and patterns in relation to common ancestry

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11
Q

what does an evolutionary tree do

A

represents genealogy info as a tree graph

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12
Q

goal of the study of evolutionary mechanisms

A

to determine processes responsible for evolution

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13
Q

how is the study of evolutionary mechanisms and history related to micro and macroevolution

A

mechs: focus mostly on micro (in pops)
history: focus on patterns in evolution b/w populations - macro

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14
Q

what is the observational evolution study approach

A

describe and quantify

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15
Q

what is the theoretical evolutionary study approach

A

develop models

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16
Q

what is the comparative evolutionary study approach

A

obtain data from many species and analyze

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17
Q

what is the experimental evolutionary study approach

A

manipulate a system to address a specific hypothesis

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18
Q

what is a major property of scientific theories?

A

testable and falsifiable hypotheses

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19
Q

why are there public doubts about evolution?

A

personal implications of evolution, violate religious texts, it’s a young concept

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20
Q

who did the argument from design?

A

paley

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21
Q

what is the watchmaker argument

A

if every part of something has a clear purpose/intent, there must’ve been a creator

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22
Q

who was the first to provide a hypothesis for the causal mechanism of evolution

A

lamarck

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23
Q

what did lamarck do

A

theory of inheritance of acquired characters (+ graph with the circles in a triangle)

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24
Q

who disproved the theory of acquired characters?

A

weismann

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25
Q

what was the germplasm theory

A

inheritance is only by germ cells not somatic cells. somatic cells cannot change germ cells

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26
Q

who developed natural selection

A

darwin and wallace

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27
Q

what were darwin and wallace’s major theses

A

all organisms have descended with modification from a common ancestor
natural selection is the process that led to evolution

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28
Q

where did darwin go for school

A

edinburgh

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29
Q

what was darwin’s role on the hms beagle

A

intellectual companion (+naturalist) for captaion robert fitzroy

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30
Q

who were the 2 major inspirations for darwin

A

lyelle and malthus(principles of geology and population)

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31
Q

what is uniformitarianism

A

forces and processes that shape earth are uniform through time

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32
Q

what did uniformitarianism imply for darwin

A

the world was dynamic rather than static
changes build up, through the same mechanisms as in the past

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33
Q

what did darwin publish up until his book

A

wrote an essay on natural selection, linnean society presentation with wallace

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34
Q

what are the 3 requirements for natural selection

A

variation b/w individuals, heredity, fitness is variable in a given environment
IE natural selection is heritable variation in fitness

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35
Q

do individuals evolve?

A

no, populations do

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36
Q

is variation directional?

A

no, it’s random

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37
Q

what does fitness depend on

A

the environment

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38
Q

what were darwin’s 4 sources of evidence for evolution

A

geology, homology, biogeography, domestication

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39
Q

where did darwin spend most of his time

A

south america

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40
Q

what did darwin find in brazil

A

extinct mammal fossils

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41
Q

2 examples of a transitional fossil

A

tiktaalik roseae, fishapod
whale evolution

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42
Q

what are intermediate forms

A

transitional fossils linking features of diff organisms

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43
Q

fossils in younger strata incresingly…

A

resemble modern species in the same region

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44
Q

darwin’s university

A

u of edinburgh

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45
Q

timeline for darwin’s voyage

A

1831-1836

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46
Q

when was lyell’s book published

A

1830

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47
Q

what implications did darwin conclude after reading lyell

A
  1. dynamic world
  2. changes are built up gradually
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48
Q

what month and year did darwin doubt the fixity of species

A

march 1837

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49
Q

when did darwin read malthus

A

sept 1838

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50
Q

when did darwin write his FIRST essay on natural selection?

A

1844

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51
Q

darwin timeline for writing his book

A

1856-1859

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52
Q

when did darwin and wallace present their thing collectively

A

1858 july

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53
Q

explain the moraxella bacteria example

A

90% developed antibiotic resistance to a drug in 15 years

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54
Q

when and where was the fishapod discovered

A

2006 in nunavut

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55
Q

what is homology

A

similarity of 2+ traits that’s due to common ancestry

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56
Q

what is the bird example of homology

A

mainland comorants vs galapagos flightless comorants (vestigial structures)

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57
Q

what is the fish example of homology

A

surface-dwelling (gray) astynx mexicanus and cave-dwelling (pink) with no eyes

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58
Q

name vestigial structures in humans (4)

A

ear muscles, appendix, tailbone, goosebumps

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59
Q

estimate of number of genes shared across all forms of life

A

500

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60
Q

what are the most common shared genes (their function)

A

translation and transcription

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61
Q

what is a vestigial trait

A

trait with reduced or no function compared to the past

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62
Q

homologous structures have…

A

evolved to serve diff funcs

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63
Q

where are the flora and fauna from the G islands originally from

A

south america

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64
Q

what types of species (specific trait?) are present on the G islands

A

ones capable of long distance dispersal/good colonists

65
Q

how did cacti get onto the G islands

A

by bird dispersal of their fruit seeds

66
Q

how were tortoises on diff G islands diff

A

shell shapes + neck lengths

67
Q

describe the recent study of the G island birds (species, length, people)

A

daphne major, 50y study, Dr Peter & Grant, princeton

68
Q

what was special about australian flora and fauna

A

distinct adaptations, high endemism

69
Q

australia has ____ radiations of species that are _____ with those of other continents

A

endemic, ecologically convergent

70
Q

what is meant by the endemic australian biota

A

species native and only found in australia - many marsupials

71
Q

how does geographical distance relate to species closeness

A

close = inc resemblance

72
Q

examples of domestication of plants

A

teosinte and maize, darwins gardens

73
Q

examples of domestication of animals

A

wolves and dogs, pigeons and funny pigeons

74
Q

what is molecular evolution

A

evolution describing genomic DNA evidence

75
Q

what is genotype vs genome

A

genetic constitution for a particular gene (e.g. Aa) vs the entirety of an organisms DNA

76
Q

which 2/3 of the requirements of natural selection are relevant to genetics

A

variation and heredity (not fitness)

77
Q

main 3 sources of genetic variation are…

A

mutation, independent assortment, recombination

78
Q

name the 4 types of mutation

A

point, indel, changes in repeat number, chromosomal

79
Q

what are possible effects of mutations (3)

A

silent, missense, nonsense

80
Q

rate of mutation in humans (per base pair, per billion nucleotides)

A

16

81
Q

rate of mutation per zygote

A

96

82
Q

number of fitness-affecting mutations per genome per gen for: plant, mouse, roundworm, fruit fly, human

A

0.1-0.6, 0.91, 0.96, 1.2, 1.6-3

83
Q

example of a single mutation with profound effects for fruit flies

A

antp hox gene

84
Q

example of a single mutation with profound effects for humans

A

G6PD

85
Q

polymorphism is to DNA as ___ is to proteins and ___ is to phenotypes

A

allozymes, polyphenisms

86
Q

G6PD amino acid seq for malaria, and both malaris and anemia

A

val asn leu, met asp, leu

87
Q

how many gamete combos are there in humans due to independent assortment

A

2^23

88
Q

describe recombination

A

synapsis of bivalents (arms), crossing over at chiasmata

89
Q

the 2 theories of heredity b4 mendel

A

preformatism (human in sperm/egg preformed)
theory of blenfded inheritance

90
Q

main conclusions that mendel made

A

inheritance determined by discrete particles
diploid org.s carry 2 alleles of each gene
gametes fuse for offspring
offspring inherit 1 gamete from e/ parent at random

91
Q

how many alleles do gametes have per gene

A

1

92
Q

2 types of traits

A

continuous, discrete

93
Q

primary pioneers for evolutionary synthesis

A

fisher, haldane, wright

94
Q

co vs partial dominance

A

co = both expressed at the same time
partial = mixed

95
Q

what are some things that affect quantitative traits

A

genome, environment,

96
Q

how does natural selection act on the genetic aspect of discrete vs continuous variation

A

discrete- change in frequency of alleles
continuous- change in average trait value

97
Q

what is particulate inheritance

A

the idea that genetic material is passed down as discrete “packets” (genes)

98
Q

another name for evolutionary synthesis

A

population genetics

99
Q

what did wright do

A

demonstrated the evolutionary significance of genetic variation

100
Q

during what molecular process do mutations happen

A

replication

101
Q

what is genetic drift

A

change in frequency of alleles due to random chance

102
Q

genetic drift has a larger effect on ____ populations

A

small

103
Q

does genetic drift inc or dec variation

A

dec

104
Q

2 types of natural selection

A

purifying/neg, directional/pos, balancing

105
Q

does natural selection inc or dec variation

A

dec (except balancing)

106
Q

what is fixation

A

when a polymorphic locus becomes monomorphic

107
Q

what is a locus

A

a position on a chromosome where a specific gene is located

108
Q

how can fixations occur

A

natural selection (directional) or genetic drift

109
Q

does balancing selection inc or dec diversity

A

inc or retain genetic variation

110
Q

does gene flow inc or dec diversity

A

inc w/i pop, dec b/w pop

111
Q

2 measures of genetic variation

A

heterozygosity (H), polymorphism (P)

112
Q

are all polymorphic loci also heterozygous ones

A

no

113
Q

name 3 theories of maintaining variation

A

mutation-selection, selection-maintaining

114
Q

what is mutation-selection

A

predominantly negative mutations that get selected out

115
Q

what is selection maintaining variation

A

heterozygote advantage, diversity is favoured

116
Q

who pioneered the classical school for prediction of amount of genetic variation

A

morgan and muller

117
Q

pioneers of the balance school for prediction of amount of genetic variation

A

ford and dobzhansky

118
Q

compare classical and balance schools in terms of polymorphisms

A

classical - low, balance - high

119
Q

what are the 2 types of genetic markers

A

morphological (physical traits) and cytological (genetic features)

120
Q

what did early studies of genetic variation/evidence focus on (experimental)

A

quantitative traits with artificial breeding

121
Q

2 examples of early studies of quantitative genetic variation/evidence

A

bristle number in drosophilia melanogaster, selection response in maize

122
Q

the electophoresis guy

A

richard lewontin

123
Q

how did electrophoresis forward research in genetic variation

A

able to see directly the proportion of P and H in allozymes

124
Q

what did first allozyme studies indicate

A

high genetic variation - found evidence for all 3 schools

125
Q

neutral selection guy

A

motoo kimura

126
Q

what is the neutral theory

A

neg selection eliminates detrimental mutations
pos selection fixes beneficial mutations
many mutations are neutral

127
Q

who’s alivia dey

A

compared DNA sequence diversity (big organisms = less diversity, small organisms = more diversity)

128
Q

corn vs teosinte genetic diversity

A

corn has less bc of bottleneck

129
Q

what was the arabidopsis lyrata example about

A

glaciated regions had lower DNA diversity
genetic drift followed recolonization

130
Q

types of reproductive systems

A

sexual, asexual

131
Q

types of sexual systems

A

dioecious, hermaphrodite

132
Q

types of hermaphrodites

A

cross fertilization, self fertilization

133
Q

what is transmission bias

A

due to meiosis, a sexually reproducing female will only pass on 50% of her genes to the next gen (as opp. to 100% for asex)

134
Q

benefits of asex

A

female passes on more genes, maintain favourable combos of alleles, less energy for mating + finding mates, no males

135
Q

benefits of sex

A

diff combos of alleles more common, eliminate harmful mutations faster, helpful in lottery models

136
Q

what is the tangled bank hypothesis

A

sex inc diversity which is beneficial in competitive and variable environments

137
Q

name the 2 lottery models

A

tangled bank, red queen

138
Q

what is the red queen hypothesis

A

sex inc diversity which is beneficial in constantly changing environments

139
Q

study related to tangled bank hypothesis

A

rotifer - sex inc for hetero env., sex dec for homo env.

140
Q

asex species are usually where on phylogenies

A

at the tip - high extinction rate

141
Q

types of asex

A

parthenogenesis, clonal propagation

142
Q

which type of asex is more common in animals

A

parthenogenesis

143
Q

what is parthenogenesis

A

embryo grows w/o fertilization

144
Q

the species thought to be asex but probably isnt

A

bdelloid rotifers

145
Q

2 types of mating patterns (not asex)

A

inbreeding and outbreeding

146
Q

what is outcrossing

A

mating with someone else

147
Q

how are gametes derived

A

meiotic reductive division

148
Q

what is selfing

A

mating with yourself (not asex)

149
Q

what’s a method flowers use to minimize inbreeding

A

timing offset for diff flower maturation

150
Q

what’s are some methods animals use to minimize inbreeding

A

dispersal by 1 sex, delayed maturation, extra pair copulation, kin recognition

151
Q

effects on the pop from inbreeding

A

inc homozygosity, dec H

152
Q

not an effect of inbreeding

A

change in P, change in allele frequency

153
Q

what is inbreeding depression

A

reduc of fitness of inbred offspring compared to outbred offspring

154
Q

what are some effects of inbreeding depression

A

lower viability and fertility, change in allele frequencies

155
Q

how much of H is lost per gen of inbreeding

A

50%

156
Q

what is transmission advantage (selfing)

A

selfing variants can send out more genetic info (bc they have ovule + pollen)

157
Q

example of inbreeding vs outcrossing

A

capsella rubella and capsella grandiflora

158
Q

types of selection for quantitative traits (the graphs)

A

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

159
Q
A

bio120 (2 decks)

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