lec 16-24 Flashcards
sessile
unable to move (plants)
net primary productivity is equal to
C gained via photosynthesis - C lost via respiration
what did plants adapt to attract pollinators
flowers
methods for plants to combat overheating
evaporative cooling, close stomata
what happens to c3 plants at high temps
photorespiration
photorespiration is
when rubisco captures o2 instead of co2, and co2 is then produced
what do c4 plants do differently
have an enzyme that reduces photorespiration by prioritizing co2
what do cam plants do differently
open stomata at night, close stomata during day
what is root foraging
roots “search” for nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil
poikilotherm
ectotherm
homeotherm
endotherm
microphylly
tiny leaves that produce turbulent airflow and inc thermal inertia
sclerophylly
needles instead of leaves
laminar flow
stagnant air build up, inc heat
turbulent flow
better for leaves, inc cooling
recursive digression
animals w sleeker shapes stay warmer in cool env.s
tropical rainforest root system
extensive and shallow b/c of nutrient rich topsoil
desert annual plant life cycle
fast germination, only grow during heavy rainfall
epiphytes
plants that grow on other plants
issues with epiphytes
water stressed, nutrient shortages
how is complexity added to exponential models
density dependence, time lags, species interactions
what is r
net growth rate = deaths “per individual”
what is lambda
net reproductive rate
what is relationship b/w lambda and r
ln(lambda) = r
exponential model is for ___ growth
continuous
geometric model is for ___ growth
discrete
if net reproductive rate < 1, death __ birth
>
if rate of increase > 1, death __ birth
<
why may a logistic eqn not be ideal
gradual approach to K and never surpassing K is unrealistic
May’s eqn (how is it diff from logistic)
incorporates time delays
type 1 survivorship curve means
P(death) lower at young age = lx high at young age and steeply drops off
type 2 survivorship curve
P(death) constant = lx decreases exponentially (loglx is a straight line)
type 3 survivorship curve
p(death) higher at young age = lx steeply drops off and tapers
fecundity schedules are usually ___ determined
genetically
r strategy
fast life history
k strategy
slow life history
semelparity
reproduce once then die
monocarpic perennials
semelparous organisms that live more than 2 years
types of semelparous plants
annual, biennial, monocarpic perennial
iteroparity
has potential to reproduce multiple times
what types of plants are perennials
iteroparous
when is semelparity favoured?
reproductive output increased by accumulating resources for longer
stochasticity
randomness of population growth - sometimes they just die
demographic stochasticity
random events leading to variation in population growth
environmental stochasticity
random effects of the environment on population growth
what is a LV model adding to logistic
interspecific competition
what is K (in terms of competition)
intraspecific competition braking term
how is the variable for competition coefficient formatted
alpha superscript mn = competitive effect of species n on species m
how are coexistence and equilibrium related
coexistence is when 2+ species have non zero pop size at equilibrium
stability is
the ability of a system to return to equilibrium
condition of stable coexistence
e/ species inhibits their own growth more than they inhibit the other species’ growth
metapopulations - main takeaway??
everything is patchy
metacommunity
set of local communities linked by the dispersal of 1 of their constituent species
fugitive species
poor competitors so need to be better dispersers
when does equilibrium happen? (relative to rates)
rate of colonization = rate of extinction
e/c>1 => ?
metapopulation tends towards extinction
e/c<1 => ?
metapopulation persists
indirect effects
1 species alters the effect that another species has on a third
method of figuring out what trophic level an organism is on
stable carbon isotopes
top down effects
predators eating herbivores affects RLS b/w herbivore and plant
bottom up effets
amt of plant available affects RLS b/w herbivore and predator
how is LV modified for mutualisms
change alpha term to (+) instead of (-)
types of mutualisms
nutritional, dispersal, defensive
horizontally transmitted mutualisms
partners acquired anew each generation
vertically transmitted mutualisms
partners passed down from gen to gen
invasional meltdown
2 non native species facilitate one another’s spread w mutualism
secondary metabolite
secondary chemicals produced by plants that are not essential for growth or development
trichomes
hairs on stems and leaves on plants for defense
constitutive defenses
defenses are always up
folivory
leaf eating
how is herbivore biodiversity explained
arms race b/w herbivorous insects and plants
life dinner principle
unequal selection pressure for prey vs predator to make defenses
amplification effect (community ecology of disease)
inc in host diversity may increase risk of spread to humans and animals
dilution effect
inc in host diversity can dilute disease risk to humans or animals
enemy release hypothesis
invasive species impact is heavy b/c of a lack of natural enemies
predation is density-___
dependent
predation RLS w competitive exclusion
predation can counteract competitive exclusion
what does the LV model for predator prey look like
oscillating graph with lagged population cycles
principle of competitive exclusion
2 species that compete for the same resources cannot coexist for long
niche partitioning
splitting of a niche
limiting similarity
max amt of niche overlap that allows 2 species to coexist
scramble competition
depletion of shared resources through indirect interaction
contest competition
depletion of shared resources through direct interaction
another name for contest competition
interference competition
where is there more species richness
more species near tropics than poles
