Test 2 Infectious Diseases/Eyes&Ears Review Flashcards
What are the stages of infectious disease (give a brief description)
1) Incubation: time from organism first invading the body to first signs/symptoms
2) Prodromal: vague, general symptoms (so if on test she gives symptoms of fever, malaise fatigue then dingdingding it’s prodromal)
3) Illness: most severespecific signs and symptoms
(sometimes people add a stage here called decline)
4) Convalescence: no signs or symptoms
What are 5 typical treatments for children that nurses need to be aware of when treating infectious disease?
- antibiotics 2) antivirals 3) antipruritics 4) fever reduction 5) hydration***** HYDRATION BIGGEST ONE
- so group them into the three major drugs we’ll administer (Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antipruritics)
- and then and then think hot (fever reduction) and cold (hydration)
When a nurse suspects an infectious disease in a patient, what are 4 important things to ask specific to this type of health assessment?
1) recent exposure
2) immunization
3) history of any previous illness
4) symptoms
- think about when they could have been infected and using the others to try and figure out what it’s NOT
Why is infectious disease so different for kids?
- developing immune systems and unhygienic habits
What’s a full septic workup?
it’s a group of tests that children admitted with fever to the hospital get like CBC, cultures from stool/urine/wound/throat, LP (lumbar puncture)
What’s the biggest nursing intervention for managing fever?
hydration!!!, other non-pharmacologic interventions include light-weight clothes, ice packs
What group has a really high mortality rate due to sepsis? when do they get a septic work-up?
neonates have a high mortality rate due to infection/sepsis
- get when fever trends OR with hypothermia and will get IV antibiotics until all cultures come back negative
How is CA-MRSA spread?
contact, droplet, blood, body fluids
What body system is really important to assess in determining MRSA?
integumentary b/c lesions/rashes will appear
What type of infection is ScarletFever?
Group A Strep
What age range does Scarlet Fever typically infect?
less than 18, mostly from 4-8 years of age
How is Scarlet Fever spread?
Droplet
What are the signs/symptoms of scarlet fever?
non-specific: fever, NV, chills, malaise
specific: rash 2-5 days after pharyngitis (so starts with sore throat usually then rash comes out/red tongue); rash is “sunburn-like”
When is scarlet fever no longer contagious?
after 24 hours of antibiotics
What are the complications of scarlet fever?
rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
What type of antibiotic do we usually use for scarlet fever?
Penicillin V unless allergic
What is the vector for cat-scratch disease
bacteria usually found in kitten saliva (though also in grown cats)
What’s the incubation period of cat scrathc disease?
7-12 days
What’s a hallmark sign of cat scratch disease
big pustule on skin with lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) for 5-50 days
just fyi general signs: low grade fever, anorexia, fatigue, headahce, sore throat
what sort of education do we need to provide for cat scratch disease?
how to use standard/contact precaution and prevention education which deals with care of cat bites and flea control
What is another name for whooping cough?
pertussis
For what age group is pertussis very dangerous?
children less than a year, more serious if less than 6 months
What is the incubation period of pertussis?
7-10 days
What are the s/s of pertussis
coughing spells of 1-4 weeks, starts with cold symptoms, a paroxysmal cough where they’re gasping for breath that can cause cyanosis
- secretions, secretions, secretions
What’s the vaccine used for pertussis? When are children required to get it?
Tdap booster
usually have to get it if older than 11, though 7-10 in undervaccinated populations
What precautions do we use for pertussis?
droplet
What are the main concerns for pertussis
airway and secretions/hydration
What are the viral exanthems?
1) Rubeola
2) Rubella
3) Varicella
4) Exanthema Subitum
5) Erythema Infectiosum
6) Mumps
- – remember: these are making a comeback due to people refusing vaccinations
What’s another name for Rubeola
Measles
is Rubeola contagious?
yes HIGHLY b/c spread by cough/sneeze droplets
When is measles contagious?
3-5 days before rush until 4 days after rash
What group is rubeola dangerous for?
can be fatal for
What is a hallmark sign of rubeola? what are other symptoms
Koplik’s spots, tiny spots on roof of mouth
- general: fever, acute rhinitis, cough, conjunctivitis but another sort of specific one is seeing a red rash with large papules
What is another name for Rubella?
German Measles
How is rubella transferred?
1) direct or indirect with droplet, blood, urine, stool
2) also transferred from mom to fetus resulting in miscarriage, fetal death, congenitial malformations
When are you contagious with rubella?
7 days before rash until 7 days post rash
What are the s/s of rubella
lymphadenopathy, rash, mild fever, mild pruritis….so pretty general and somewhat similiar to rubeola
What’s another name for chicken pox
varicella zoster
How is varicella zoster transferred?
highly contagious via *** air-borne and nasopharyngeal secretion, ALSO mother to fetus just like rubella
- any lesions that are un-scabbed are at risk for spreading disease
When is varicella zoster contagious
1-2 days before rash then the lesions cruster over in 5-7 days
What are the symptoms of varicella zoster?
the hallmark lesions plus some general stuff like fever, malaise though some more specific ones are TONS of itching and abdominal pain
How many doses of the chickenpox vaccine and when does the CDC recommend?
2 doses, first dose at 12-15 months then second dose at 4-6 years of age
what’s another name for fifth disease?
erythema infectiosum
How is erythema infectiosum transmitted?
droplet, blood-borne, also mother to fetus
What are the symptoms like for erythema infectiosum?
hallmark: slapped cheek facial appearance, rash is lace-like
otherwise, they’re pretty mild: main ones are low grade fever and upper repiratory symptoms 2 days before a rash appears
When are children no longer contagious with erythema infectiosum/fifth disease?
one lace-like rash appears
When dose fifth disease resolve?
1-3 weeks
What can erythema infectiosum cause in sickle cell patients?
aplastic crisis
What is another name for sixth disease
exanthem subitum OR roseola
How is exanthem subitum transmitted?
through respiratory secretions
When doese exanthem subitum usually infect children?
affects nearly all children by age 3
What are the symtpoms of exanthem subitum/roseola?
3-5 day history of high fever yet does not appearl ill; a rash that’s rose-colored blanches under pressure will begin on trunk and spreak to extremities -> important to know b/c diagnosis just based on clinical presentation
What do children infected with mumps usually present with?
hx of exposure and LACK of immunization are 2 biggest indicators
What are the sign/symptoms of mump
hallmark: parotid glands swollen
general: low grade fever, anorexia, ear pain, pain with chewing
in boys: more likely to have orchitis (ice packs to testicles with support)
What type of precautions is mumps?
droplet for at least 9 days after swelling starts
What is the most common vector-borne disease in US? from what?
Lyme disease, from deer ticks with 95% in Northeast
What age group has highest incidence of Lyme disease
5-10 year olds
How is Lym disease treated?
over 8: doxycyline
under 8: amoxicillin
What are the S/S of Lyme Disease?
hallmark: rash that’s a bull’s eye target
general: arthralgia migraines, fever, malaise
* ** remember: this can become chronic and last a lifetime
What’s important education for Lyme Disease?
tick removal whenever go out in woods
What type of illness is rocky mountain spotted fever and what’s the vector?
rickettsial illness from dog and rocky mountain wood ticks
Where is rocky mountian spoted fever most commonly found?
Pacific coastal and Rocky mountain states usually in children
What are the complications of Rocky Mnt SF
pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, long-term neuro damage
What are the parasitic infections?
1) Scabies
2) head lice
3) helminthic infections
How is scabies transmitted?
prolonged close contact
What is scabies?
red papular rash that’s extremely itchy, you can scrape skin and look under microscope if you need
What is treatment for scabies?
scabicide applied to ENTIRE body then take everything in home and wash in hot water, vacuum etc
What is another name for head lice?
pediculosis capitis
What’s the time frame of the lice life’s cycle licing on the host? When do nits hatch?
lice 30 days on the host and 1-3 days off the host; nits hatch within 7-10 days
What’s the treatment for pediculosis capitis?
shampoo hair with pediculicide
How are pinworms spread?
fecal-oral
What’s the biggest symptom for pinworms?
itching at night**
other symptoms: teeth grinding at night, enuresis
How do you diagnosse pinworms
put clear tape on anus of child over night and then visually id
what’s the treatment for pinworms
mebendazole x 1 then repeated in 2 weeks; treat all in household and wash everything in house
How are round worms spread
hand to mouth, fecal oral
What are the symptoms of round worms
anorexia, n/v, ab pain
how do you diagnosis round worms
egg in stool under microscope, visuall in comit/stool, may cough up worm
what can round worms cause?
partial or complete intestinal obstructoin
What’s the treatment for round worms?
mebendazole
How are hookworms transmitted?
from soil through pores, hair follicles, hands/feet
What are the symptoms of hookworms
red snake-like trails mostly on ankles, feet, buttocks, genitals, hands, itching….sometimes if SEIROUS: pulmonary symptoms, anemia, pica
What’s the treatment for hookworms?
albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate
What do you need ot educate to prevent hookworms?
sanitation, disposal of feces, encourage shoes
What are the two types of conjunctivitis?
1) Bacterial: staph & H-flue, in newborns you see this a lot with chlamydia and gonorrhea
2) viral: most commonly from adenovirus and influenza
3) allergic
What does bacterial conjunctivitis usually occur simultaneously with?
a respiratory infection
What are the s/s of bacterial conjunctivitis
- itching, burning, yellow discharge with crusting, eyelid edema, redness of conjunctiva, eye drainage
What are the s/s of viral conjunctivitis
- differences like discharge is CLEAR AND WATERY; redness of the SCLERA and INNER EYELIDS, NO purulent drainage or matting of eyelids, photophobia, lymphadenopathy
What are the interventions for conjunctivitis?
- antibiotic drops or ointment
When is bacterial conjunctivitis contagious?
until treatment for 24 hours
What are the interventions for viral conjunctivitis?
symptomatic relief, cool moid compress, coolw ater rinse, prevention education, hand washing
How would you diagnose a bacterial conjunctivitis infection?
culture of eye drainage comes back positive
What’s the most common type of conjunctivitis?
viral
What particular meds can help with allergic conjunctivitis?
anti-histamines or mast cell stabilizer drops
What is periorbital cellulitis?
inflammation of the subq tissues and skin around the eye usually from nearby infection trauma or staph/strep bacteria
What are the s/s of periorbital cellulitis?
edema, pain, erythema in the skin/orbital fold
What are the interventions for periorbital cellulitis?
antibiotic therapy x days, warm compress
What does otitis media result form in children?
it’s an inflammation of the middle ear with presence of fluid from malfunctioning of estachian tubes (their tubes aren’t same as ours, all stuff like upper resp ear mouth throat everything is so compressed that they often get infection in these areas)
What are the three types of otitis media? give descriptions
1) Acute otitis media (AOM): infection of fluid in middle ear, may have fever and pain - fever, ear pain, fussiness, batting/tugging, poor feeding, difficulty sleeping, drainage (this one you can prevent by not eating while laying down)
2) otitis media with effusion (OME): fluid in middle ear space, without s/s of infection - feeling of fulness in EAR, TM dull or opague, bulging and or red, pus behind ear drum
2) Otitis externa (OE) - inflammatino of the tissue of the external ear canal, also called Swimmer’s ear - ear pain, drainage, canal red and swollen ( want to keep ear dry/use drying drops)
What are common complications of otitis media?
hearing loss (chronic OM) which results in speech delay, thinkdue to perforation and scarring of tympanic membrane
