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Nursing of Children and Their Families > Lecture 09.02.2015 > Flashcards

Lecture 09.02.2015 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two development stages with the fastest growth spurts?

A

infant and adolescence stages

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2
Q

what does cephalocaudal growth mean?

A

growth from head to toe, how children grow

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3
Q

What is stage I of Erik Erikson’s stages of development? what’s the dilemma of this stage?

A

infancy, trust vs mistrust

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4
Q

At 4 months of age what does the infants recognize? at 6 months?

A

their caregiver @ 4 months which begins process of differentiation and at 6 months recognizes the caregiver is different from strangers

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5
Q

On an infant, what do you want to make sure to take off before weighing the infant?

A

the diaper

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6
Q

What is an infants weight by 6 months of age? by 1 year? by

A

6 months - double brith weight

1 year - triple brith weight

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7
Q

What needs to happen during Erikson’s first stage?

A

trust vs mistrust; need to be fed and have needs taken care of consistently b/c need to create a sense of trust; over time learn to tolerate small amounts of frustration (so by end of stage or beginning of next stage want to start to teach kids to self-soothe)

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8
Q

On the cognitive side of child development, who came up with his own set of stage?

A

Piaget

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9
Q

Piaget’s stage from brith to 2 years is what? Describe it and substages

A

Sensorimotor
- infant uses senses and motor skills to learn the world
Sub I: birth to 1 month: reflex sucking bring pleasure, can recognize familiar objects, odors and sounds

Sub II: primary circular reactions (1-4 months)

Sub III: secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)

  • repeat actions to achieve wanted results
  • peek a boo

Sub Iv: coordination of secondary schemes (8-12)

  • coordinate previously learned schemes
  • learn object permanence
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10
Q

What’s object permanence?

A

ability to know an object exists when not in line of sight any more

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11
Q

What gross motor skills do the infants learn at 1 month? 4 months?

A

1 month: head lag and improves by 3 months

4 months: rolls back and forth and look around

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12
Q

What gross motor skill does the infant learn at 6 months? 8 months? 9? 10? 12?

A 
6 - tripod sit
8 - sits unsupported
9 - crawls, abdomen off floor
10 - pulls to stand
12 months - walks independently
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13
Q

What are the newborn primitive reflexes?

A

1) Moro: startle reflex, let baby drop and will startle
2) Root: stroke cheek, will turn head towards it
3) Suck
4)
5) Plantar and palmar grasp: will wrap fingers around object or cup feet
6) Step reflex: when hold baby up to stand will look like taking steps (
7) Babinski

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14
Q

When do Moro, Root, and Suck reflexes leave?

A

by about 4 months (gradual decline)

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15
Q

when does the plantar and palmar grasp reflex leave?

A

6 months

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16
Q

When does the step reflex leave?

A

4 weeks

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17
Q

when does the babinski reflex leave?

A

8 months-year

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18
Q

What are the fine motor skills for an infant by monthly age?

A

1 month: fists mostly clenched, involuntary hand movements
3 months: holds hand in front of face, hands open
4 months: bats at objects
5 months: grasps rattle
7: transfer from one hand to next
8: gross pincer grasp (rakes): go at food with hands like a rake to pull towards them
10 months: good pincer grasp
12 momths: start to feeds selves with a cup

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19
Q

language development of infants by monthly age?

A

1-3: crying is language, also start to coo
4-5: simple vowel sounds, laughs, raspberry blowing
9-12: mama dada with meaning, 3-5 words

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20
Q

If otherwise healthy baby don’t develop language skills, what could that be a sign of?

A

hearing problems

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21
Q

When doe infants begin to socialize?

A

2 months of age

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22
Q

Why do infants at 6-8 months liek peek-a-boo?

A

have newly developed the idea of object permanence

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23
Q

at 8 months, what socially develops?

A

stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety then occurs in the last few months of infancy

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24
Q

What is the “how” of behavior that develops with a baby near end of infancy?

A

temperament, indicates what a baby is going to be like

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25
Q

What 6 things (anticipatory guidance) can a nurse teach parents about on how to take care of their infant?

A

1) play - rattles, mobiles, teething toys, pictures, pat-a-cake
2) promoting safety in car (rear seat-rear facing), home, etc
3) promoting nutrition
4) promoting health sleep and rest
5) promoting healthy teeth and gums
6) appropriate discipline

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26
Q

What’s the age range for a toddler?

A

12 mnths - 36 months (1-3 years)

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27
Q

What’s a nursing care priority for toddlers and why?

A

safety, extremely curious and learn by trial and error to see how their actions affect environment

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28
Q

What happens physiologically at 12-18 months in a toddler that’s very important?

A

the anterior fontanel closes

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29
Q

between 18 and 24 months what physiological change occurs in the toddler?

A

sphincter control

30
Q

What are common ailments for toddlers?

A

resp tract infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis

31
Q

What’s the second stage of Erikson?

A

1-3 years, toddlers
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

  • moral development starts and they’re very egocentric (me, me, me)
  • time out starts
  • punishment vs rewards
32
Q

according to Erikson, what starts to develop socially at the age of 3

A

idea of gender

33
Q

(following notecards are Piaget stages for toddler hood so 12-36 months)
What is Piaget’s stage from 12-18 months?

A

Sensorimotor Still but Substage V

  • has memories of things that relate to them, object permanence fully exists
34
Q

At 18-24 months what’s the Piaget stage?

A

Substage VI of sensorimotor

  • domestic mimicry so will sweep and play phone and do tasks
  • follow simple directions
  • have sense of ownership
  • start to think before acting
35
Q

From 24 months to 7 years what’s the Piage stage? (so from late toddler to preschool and elementary)

A

Preoperational
so to describe stage for 24-36 months…..
- plays make velieve with dolls, anima and people
- understand concept of “two”
- sorts objects by shape and color

36
Q

Gross motor skills for 12-36 months?

A

12-15 months: walking
18 months: pulls toys
24 months: run, kick balls, climb stairs and furniture
36 monthsL RIDES a tricycle, bend over and pick stuff up and not fall over

37
Q

Why at 3 years of age can they bend over and pick stuff up without falling?

A

grow cephalocaudal and by 3 they’ve grown long enough to support head

38
Q

Fine motor skills of toddlers

A

12-15 mnths: uses cup and feeds finger foods to self
18 months:
24:
36: beginnnings of writing, drawing

39
Q

What age do toddlers start to favor right or left hand?

A

24 months

40
Q

Language by age 3?

A

over 400 words, can say name age and gender, 3-4 word phrases, speech usually understood by those who know child and half outside of child can understand them

41
Q

What type of behavior develops with toddlers?

A
  • aggressive behaviors common and start to throw temper-tantrums
42
Q

what do you do for temper tantrums?

A

be consistent and have well-defined boundaries/discipline

43
Q

what do toddlers fears revolve around?

A

losing parents and fear of strangers

44
Q

At age of two, how do most toddlers play?

A

through parallel play where toddlers play by each other but not with each other

45
Q

What ages is preschooler?

A

3-6 years (varies in Piaget’s model)

46
Q

Erikson’s stage for preschoolers

A

Initiative vs Guilt

  • very imaginative stage (b/c of this develop irrational fears, scared of bodily harm so scared of needles etc) -> night terrors (child’s asleep but screaming)
  • you don’t want to discourage child’s initiative to do things b/c could develop a guilty attitude
  • don’t understand limitation
  • develops sexual identity
  • regression during stress
  • sleep disturbances r/t anxiety and fears
47
Q

What happens to growth for preschoolers?

A
  • growth slows and stabilizes

- loses round toddler belly

48
Q

What is 2-4 years of age for Piaget’s cognitive development? 4-7? describe what characterizes both

A
  • 2-4 years, Preoperational, the prenconceptual phase

Artificialism: everything made by humans
Animism: inanimate objects are alive
Imminent justice: law and order is the universal code, karma

Preoperational as well
4-7 years: Intuitive phase
- able to classify and relate objects, cause and effects
- understand time: days of week when things happen
- may begin to question parents’ values (very honest)

49
Q

4 year old Motor skills

A

Gross
- throw ball, kick and catch

Fine

  • use scissors
  • capital letters
  • draws shapes,
  • ** able to draw a person with 2-4 parts (know this one)
50
Q

5 year old motor skills

A

Gross

  • swings climbs
  • jumps rode

Fione

  • draw a person with at least six parts ** KNOW THIS
  • dress/undress
  • can learn to tie laces
51
Q

What characterizes language development for 4 and 5 years of age?

A

4: complete sentences like adult and 75% outside of family can understand them
5: everyone can understand all of their speech, count, can talk about past and future

52
Q

Social development for preschoolers (this is pretty general stuff about this age group)

A
  • strong emotions (Shyness)
  • really big into helping
  • imagination, fears very real
  • express through mediums like drawing, painting, play
  • sense of identity
  • interest in basic sexuality
  • friends become important
53
Q

What do preschoolers often believe in terms of morality?

A
  • that sickness and death of other people is their fault and a punishment
54
Q

How can you help preschoolers with sleep disturbances?

A

night light, regular bedtime with a story read

55
Q

What years are school-age children?

A

6-12 years

56
Q

What’s Erikson’s stage for 6-12 years? Describe

A

Industry vs Inferiority

  • important to give children rewards for completed activities
  • self worth found in personal/social tasks
  • fear of ridicule from peers (BULLYING)
  • inferiority occurs when repeated failures with little support
57
Q

What is prepubescence?

A
  • 2 years preceding puberty
    Grisl: start about 9-12
    Boys a bit later
58
Q

What is Piaget’s stage for 7-11 years?

A

Concrete operations

  • sees weight and volume and unchanging: so different shapes of a bottle with same amount of water would seem like different amounts of water to them
  • lacks ability to think abstractly (simple analogies)
  • understand time and grammar rule
  • classifies object by common elements
  • self-motivation and problem solvers
59
Q

Motor Skills for school age children

A

can do pretty much everything we can do

60
Q

what’s an important health screening for school-age children?

A

for scoliosis and obesity

61
Q

what are big safety issues for school age children?

A
  • trampoline is a big one

- need to have conversation about drugs/alcohol

62
Q

until what age should children be in a booster seat in the back of the car?

A

until age 13

63
Q

What age group is from 11-20 years for Erikson? (divdied into 3 sections)

A

adolescence
- Identity vs Role Confusion

11-14 Early

  • focuses on bodily changes
  • frequent mood changes
  • peers VERY imporant and acceptance (struggle to separate from parents)
  • take mor responsibly for own behavior

14-16 Middle

  • tries out idfferent roles
  • sexuality: interested in romantic attraction

17-20 (sometimes up to 25) Late

  • establish roles with peer group
  • feels secure with body image
  • idealistic career goals
  • one-on-one friendships
  • family emancipation
64
Q

What’s the big development that happens during adolescence

A

sexual maturation , puberty

65
Q

What percentage of height growth occurs during puberty?

A

20-25% of total height

66
Q

Cognitive Piaget stages of 11-20 years of age

A

Formal Operations
11-14 Early
- limited abstact thinking, egocentric

14-17 Middle

  • abstract starts, increase in attention span
  • think they’re invincible

17-20
(look up)

67
Q

what happens with religious beliefs of adolescents?

A
  • becomes more personalized and develops own moral set
68
Q

What’s a distinct marker of language with adolescents?

A
  • develop unique jargon with peers
69
Q

What habit changes in adolescence b/c of metabolism and rapid growth?

A

sleep habits changes: will want to sleep later and stay up later

70
Q

What are big safety issues for adolescents?

A
  • motor accidents

- sexual health: STIs, pregnancy education

71
Q

What do you need to make sure you assess for with an adolescent?

A
  • depressionL sleep/appetite changes, mood changes, school performance, isolation, anhedonia

Nursing of Children and Their Families (5 decks)

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