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Nursing of Children and Their Families > Lecture 09.02.2015 > Flashcards

Lecture 09.02.2015 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two development stages with the fastest growth spurts?

A

infant and adolescence stages

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2
Q

what does cephalocaudal growth mean?

A

growth from head to toe, how children grow

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3
Q

What is stage I of Erik Erikson’s stages of development? what’s the dilemma of this stage?

A

infancy, trust vs mistrust

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4
Q

At 4 months of age what does the infants recognize? at 6 months?

A

their caregiver @ 4 months which begins process of differentiation and at 6 months recognizes the caregiver is different from strangers

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5
Q

On an infant, what do you want to make sure to take off before weighing the infant?

A

the diaper

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6
Q

What is an infants weight by 6 months of age? by 1 year? by

A

6 months - double brith weight

1 year - triple brith weight

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7
Q

What needs to happen during Erikson’s first stage?

A

trust vs mistrust; need to be fed and have needs taken care of consistently b/c need to create a sense of trust; over time learn to tolerate small amounts of frustration (so by end of stage or beginning of next stage want to start to teach kids to self-soothe)

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8
Q

On the cognitive side of child development, who came up with his own set of stage?

A

Piaget

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9
Q

Piaget’s stage from brith to 2 years is what? Describe it and substages

A

Sensorimotor
- infant uses senses and motor skills to learn the world
Sub I: birth to 1 month: reflex sucking bring pleasure, can recognize familiar objects, odors and sounds

Sub II: primary circular reactions (1-4 months)

Sub III: secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)

  • repeat actions to achieve wanted results
  • peek a boo

Sub Iv: coordination of secondary schemes (8-12)

  • coordinate previously learned schemes
  • learn object permanence
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10
Q

What’s object permanence?

A

ability to know an object exists when not in line of sight any more

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11
Q

What gross motor skills do the infants learn at 1 month? 4 months?

A

1 month: head lag and improves by 3 months

4 months: rolls back and forth and look around

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12
Q

What gross motor skill does the infant learn at 6 months? 8 months? 9? 10? 12?

A 
6 - tripod sit
8 - sits unsupported
9 - crawls, abdomen off floor
10 - pulls to stand
12 months - walks independently
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13
Q

What are the newborn primitive reflexes?

A

1) Moro: startle reflex, let baby drop and will startle
2) Root: stroke cheek, will turn head towards it
3) Suck
4)
5) Plantar and palmar grasp: will wrap fingers around object or cup feet
6) Step reflex: when hold baby up to stand will look like taking steps (
7) Babinski

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14
Q

When do Moro, Root, and Suck reflexes leave?

A

by about 4 months (gradual decline)

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15
Q

when does the plantar and palmar grasp reflex leave?

A

6 months

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16
Q

When does the step reflex leave?

A

4 weeks

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17
Q

when does the babinski reflex leave?

A

8 months-year

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18
Q

What are the fine motor skills for an infant by monthly age?

A

1 month: fists mostly clenched, involuntary hand movements
3 months: holds hand in front of face, hands open
4 months: bats at objects
5 months: grasps rattle
7: transfer from one hand to next
8: gross pincer grasp (rakes): go at food with hands like a rake to pull towards them
10 months: good pincer grasp
12 momths: start to feeds selves with a cup

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19
Q

language development of infants by monthly age?

A

1-3: crying is language, also start to coo
4-5: simple vowel sounds, laughs, raspberry blowing
9-12: mama dada with meaning, 3-5 words

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20
Q

If otherwise healthy baby don’t develop language skills, what could that be a sign of?

A

hearing problems

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21
Q

When doe infants begin to socialize?

A

2 months of age

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22
Q

Why do infants at 6-8 months liek peek-a-boo?

A

have newly developed the idea of object permanence

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23
Q

at 8 months, what socially develops?

A

stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety then occurs in the last few months of infancy

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24
Q

What is the “how” of behavior that develops with a baby near end of infancy?

A

temperament, indicates what a baby is going to be like

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25
What 6 things (anticipatory guidance) can a nurse teach parents about on how to take care of their infant?
1) play - rattles, mobiles, teething toys, pictures, pat-a-cake 2) promoting safety in car (rear seat-rear facing), home, etc 3) promoting nutrition 4) promoting health sleep and rest 5) promoting healthy teeth and gums 6) appropriate discipline
26
What's the age range for a toddler?
12 mnths - 36 months (1-3 years)
27
What's a nursing care priority for toddlers and why?
safety, extremely curious and learn by trial and error to see how their actions affect environment
28
What happens physiologically at 12-18 months in a toddler that's very important?
the anterior fontanel closes
29
between 18 and 24 months what physiological change occurs in the toddler?
sphincter control
30
What are common ailments for toddlers?
resp tract infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis
31
What's the second stage of Erikson?
1-3 years, toddlers Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - moral development starts and they're very egocentric (me, me, me) - time out starts - punishment vs rewards
32
according to Erikson, what starts to develop socially at the age of 3
idea of gender
33
(following notecards are Piaget stages for toddler hood so 12-36 months) What is Piaget's stage from 12-18 months?
Sensorimotor Still but Substage V - has memories of things that relate to them, object permanence fully exists
34
At 18-24 months what's the Piaget stage?
Substage VI of sensorimotor - domestic mimicry so will sweep and play phone and do tasks - follow simple directions - have sense of ownership - start to think before acting
35
From 24 months to 7 years what's the Piage stage? (so from late toddler to preschool and elementary)
Preoperational so to describe stage for 24-36 months..... - plays make velieve with dolls, anima and people - understand concept of "two" - sorts objects by shape and color
36
Gross motor skills for 12-36 months?
12-15 months: walking 18 months: pulls toys 24 months: run, kick balls, climb stairs and furniture 36 monthsL RIDES a tricycle, bend over and pick stuff up and not fall over
37
Why at 3 years of age can they bend over and pick stuff up without falling?
grow cephalocaudal and by 3 they've grown long enough to support head
38
Fine motor skills of toddlers
12-15 mnths: uses cup and feeds finger foods to self 18 months: 24: 36: beginnnings of writing, drawing
39
What age do toddlers start to favor right or left hand?
24 months
40
Language by age 3?
over 400 words, can say name age and gender, 3-4 word phrases, speech usually understood by those who know child and half outside of child can understand them
41
What type of behavior develops with toddlers?
- aggressive behaviors common and start to throw temper-tantrums
42
what do you do for temper tantrums?
be consistent and have well-defined boundaries/discipline
43
what do toddlers fears revolve around?
losing parents and fear of strangers
44
At age of two, how do most toddlers play?
through parallel play where toddlers play by each other but not with each other
45
What ages is preschooler?
3-6 years (varies in Piaget's model)
46
Erikson's stage for preschoolers
Initiative vs Guilt - very imaginative stage (b/c of this develop irrational fears, scared of bodily harm so scared of needles etc) -> night terrors (child's asleep but screaming) - you don't want to discourage child's initiative to do things b/c could develop a guilty attitude - don't understand limitation - develops sexual identity - regression during stress - sleep disturbances r/t anxiety and fears
47
What happens to growth for preschoolers?
- growth slows and stabilizes | - loses round toddler belly
48
What is 2-4 years of age for Piaget's cognitive development? 4-7? describe what characterizes both
- 2-4 years, Preoperational, the prenconceptual phase Artificialism: everything made by humans Animism: inanimate objects are alive Imminent justice: law and order is the universal code, karma Preoperational as well 4-7 years: Intuitive phase - able to classify and relate objects, cause and effects - understand time: days of week when things happen - may begin to question parents' values (very honest)
49
4 year old Motor skills
Gross - throw ball, kick and catch Fine - use scissors - capital letters - draws shapes, - **** able to draw a person with 2-4 parts (know this one)
50
5 year old motor skills
Gross - swings climbs - jumps rode Fione - draw a person with at least six parts **** KNOW THIS - dress/undress - can learn to tie laces
51
What characterizes language development for 4 and 5 years of age?
4: complete sentences like adult and 75% outside of family can understand them 5: everyone can understand all of their speech, count, can talk about past and future
52
Social development for preschoolers (this is pretty general stuff about this age group)
- strong emotions (Shyness) - really big into helping - imagination, fears very real - express through mediums like drawing, painting, play - sense of identity - interest in basic sexuality - friends become important
53
What do preschoolers often believe in terms of morality?
- that sickness and death of other people is their fault and a punishment
54
How can you help preschoolers with sleep disturbances?
night light, regular bedtime with a story read
55
What years are school-age children?
6-12 years
56
What's Erikson's stage for 6-12 years? Describe
Industry vs Inferiority - important to give children rewards for completed activities - self worth found in personal/social tasks - fear of ridicule from peers (BULLYING) - inferiority occurs when repeated failures with little support
57
What is prepubescence?
- 2 years preceding puberty Grisl: start about 9-12 Boys a bit later
58
What is Piaget's stage for 7-11 years?
Concrete operations - sees weight and volume and unchanging: so different shapes of a bottle with same amount of water would seem like different amounts of water to them - lacks ability to think abstractly (simple analogies) - understand time and grammar rule - classifies object by common elements - self-motivation and problem solvers
59
Motor Skills for school age children
can do pretty much everything we can do
60
what's an important health screening for school-age children?
for scoliosis and obesity
61
what are big safety issues for school age children?
- trampoline is a big one | - need to have conversation about drugs/alcohol
62
until what age should children be in a booster seat in the back of the car?
until age 13
63
What age group is from 11-20 years for Erikson? (divdied into 3 sections)
adolescence - Identity vs Role Confusion 11-14 Early - focuses on bodily changes - frequent mood changes - peers VERY imporant and acceptance (struggle to separate from parents) - take mor responsibly for own behavior 14-16 Middle - tries out idfferent roles - sexuality: interested in romantic attraction 17-20 (sometimes up to 25) Late - establish roles with peer group - feels secure with body image - idealistic career goals - one-on-one friendships - family emancipation
64
What's the big development that happens during adolescence
sexual maturation , puberty
65
What percentage of height growth occurs during puberty?
20-25% of total height
66
Cognitive Piaget stages of 11-20 years of age
Formal Operations 11-14 Early - limited abstact thinking, egocentric 14-17 Middle - abstract starts, increase in attention span - think they're invincible 17-20 (look up)
67
what happens with religious beliefs of adolescents?
- becomes more personalized and develops own moral set
68
What's a distinct marker of language with adolescents?
- develop unique jargon with peers
69
What habit changes in adolescence b/c of metabolism and rapid growth?
sleep habits changes: will want to sleep later and stay up later
70
What are big safety issues for adolescents?
- motor accidents | - sexual health: STIs, pregnancy education
71
What do you need to make sure you assess for with an adolescent?
- depressionL sleep/appetite changes, mood changes, school performance, isolation, anhedonia

Nursing of Children and Their Families (5 decks)

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