Lecture 09.02.2015 Flashcards
what are the two development stages with the fastest growth spurts?
infant and adolescence stages
what does cephalocaudal growth mean?
growth from head to toe, how children grow
What is stage I of Erik Erikson’s stages of development? what’s the dilemma of this stage?
infancy, trust vs mistrust
At 4 months of age what does the infants recognize? at 6 months?
their caregiver @ 4 months which begins process of differentiation and at 6 months recognizes the caregiver is different from strangers
On an infant, what do you want to make sure to take off before weighing the infant?
the diaper
What is an infants weight by 6 months of age? by 1 year? by
6 months - double brith weight
1 year - triple brith weight
What needs to happen during Erikson’s first stage?
trust vs mistrust; need to be fed and have needs taken care of consistently b/c need to create a sense of trust; over time learn to tolerate small amounts of frustration (so by end of stage or beginning of next stage want to start to teach kids to self-soothe)
On the cognitive side of child development, who came up with his own set of stage?
Piaget
Piaget’s stage from brith to 2 years is what? Describe it and substages
Sensorimotor
- infant uses senses and motor skills to learn the world
Sub I: birth to 1 month: reflex sucking bring pleasure, can recognize familiar objects, odors and sounds
Sub II: primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
Sub III: secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
- repeat actions to achieve wanted results
- peek a boo
Sub Iv: coordination of secondary schemes (8-12)
- coordinate previously learned schemes
- learn object permanence
What’s object permanence?
ability to know an object exists when not in line of sight any more
What gross motor skills do the infants learn at 1 month? 4 months?
1 month: head lag and improves by 3 months
4 months: rolls back and forth and look around
What gross motor skill does the infant learn at 6 months? 8 months? 9? 10? 12?
6 - tripod sit 8 - sits unsupported 9 - crawls, abdomen off floor 10 - pulls to stand 12 months - walks independently
What are the newborn primitive reflexes?
1) Moro: startle reflex, let baby drop and will startle
2) Root: stroke cheek, will turn head towards it
3) Suck
4)
5) Plantar and palmar grasp: will wrap fingers around object or cup feet
6) Step reflex: when hold baby up to stand will look like taking steps (
7) Babinski
When do Moro, Root, and Suck reflexes leave?
by about 4 months (gradual decline)
when does the plantar and palmar grasp reflex leave?
6 months
When does the step reflex leave?
4 weeks
when does the babinski reflex leave?
8 months-year
What are the fine motor skills for an infant by monthly age?
1 month: fists mostly clenched, involuntary hand movements
3 months: holds hand in front of face, hands open
4 months: bats at objects
5 months: grasps rattle
7: transfer from one hand to next
8: gross pincer grasp (rakes): go at food with hands like a rake to pull towards them
10 months: good pincer grasp
12 momths: start to feeds selves with a cup
language development of infants by monthly age?
1-3: crying is language, also start to coo
4-5: simple vowel sounds, laughs, raspberry blowing
9-12: mama dada with meaning, 3-5 words
If otherwise healthy baby don’t develop language skills, what could that be a sign of?
hearing problems
When doe infants begin to socialize?
2 months of age
Why do infants at 6-8 months liek peek-a-boo?
have newly developed the idea of object permanence
at 8 months, what socially develops?
stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety then occurs in the last few months of infancy
What is the “how” of behavior that develops with a baby near end of infancy?
temperament, indicates what a baby is going to be like
What 6 things (anticipatory guidance) can a nurse teach parents about on how to take care of their infant?
1) play - rattles, mobiles, teething toys, pictures, pat-a-cake
2) promoting safety in car (rear seat-rear facing), home, etc
3) promoting nutrition
4) promoting health sleep and rest
5) promoting healthy teeth and gums
6) appropriate discipline
What’s the age range for a toddler?
12 mnths - 36 months (1-3 years)
What’s a nursing care priority for toddlers and why?
safety, extremely curious and learn by trial and error to see how their actions affect environment
What happens physiologically at 12-18 months in a toddler that’s very important?
the anterior fontanel closes
between 18 and 24 months what physiological change occurs in the toddler?
sphincter control
What are common ailments for toddlers?
resp tract infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis
What’s the second stage of Erikson?
1-3 years, toddlers
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- moral development starts and they’re very egocentric (me, me, me)
- time out starts
- punishment vs rewards
according to Erikson, what starts to develop socially at the age of 3
idea of gender
(following notecards are Piaget stages for toddler hood so 12-36 months)
What is Piaget’s stage from 12-18 months?
Sensorimotor Still but Substage V
- has memories of things that relate to them, object permanence fully exists
At 18-24 months what’s the Piaget stage?
Substage VI of sensorimotor
- domestic mimicry so will sweep and play phone and do tasks
- follow simple directions
- have sense of ownership
- start to think before acting
From 24 months to 7 years what’s the Piage stage? (so from late toddler to preschool and elementary)
Preoperational
so to describe stage for 24-36 months…..
- plays make velieve with dolls, anima and people
- understand concept of “two”
- sorts objects by shape and color
Gross motor skills for 12-36 months?
12-15 months: walking
18 months: pulls toys
24 months: run, kick balls, climb stairs and furniture
36 monthsL RIDES a tricycle, bend over and pick stuff up and not fall over
Why at 3 years of age can they bend over and pick stuff up without falling?
grow cephalocaudal and by 3 they’ve grown long enough to support head
Fine motor skills of toddlers
12-15 mnths: uses cup and feeds finger foods to self
18 months:
24:
36: beginnnings of writing, drawing
What age do toddlers start to favor right or left hand?
24 months
Language by age 3?
over 400 words, can say name age and gender, 3-4 word phrases, speech usually understood by those who know child and half outside of child can understand them
What type of behavior develops with toddlers?
- aggressive behaviors common and start to throw temper-tantrums
what do you do for temper tantrums?
be consistent and have well-defined boundaries/discipline
what do toddlers fears revolve around?
losing parents and fear of strangers
At age of two, how do most toddlers play?
through parallel play where toddlers play by each other but not with each other
What ages is preschooler?
3-6 years (varies in Piaget’s model)
Erikson’s stage for preschoolers
Initiative vs Guilt
- very imaginative stage (b/c of this develop irrational fears, scared of bodily harm so scared of needles etc) -> night terrors (child’s asleep but screaming)
- you don’t want to discourage child’s initiative to do things b/c could develop a guilty attitude
- don’t understand limitation
- develops sexual identity
- regression during stress
- sleep disturbances r/t anxiety and fears
What happens to growth for preschoolers?
- growth slows and stabilizes
- loses round toddler belly
What is 2-4 years of age for Piaget’s cognitive development? 4-7? describe what characterizes both
- 2-4 years, Preoperational, the prenconceptual phase
Artificialism: everything made by humans
Animism: inanimate objects are alive
Imminent justice: law and order is the universal code, karma
Preoperational as well
4-7 years: Intuitive phase
- able to classify and relate objects, cause and effects
- understand time: days of week when things happen
- may begin to question parents’ values (very honest)
4 year old Motor skills
Gross
- throw ball, kick and catch
Fine
- use scissors
- capital letters
- draws shapes,
- ** able to draw a person with 2-4 parts (know this one)
5 year old motor skills
Gross
- swings climbs
- jumps rode
Fione
- draw a person with at least six parts ** KNOW THIS
- dress/undress
- can learn to tie laces
What characterizes language development for 4 and 5 years of age?
4: complete sentences like adult and 75% outside of family can understand them
5: everyone can understand all of their speech, count, can talk about past and future
Social development for preschoolers (this is pretty general stuff about this age group)
- strong emotions (Shyness)
- really big into helping
- imagination, fears very real
- express through mediums like drawing, painting, play
- sense of identity
- interest in basic sexuality
- friends become important
What do preschoolers often believe in terms of morality?
- that sickness and death of other people is their fault and a punishment
How can you help preschoolers with sleep disturbances?
night light, regular bedtime with a story read
What years are school-age children?
6-12 years
What’s Erikson’s stage for 6-12 years? Describe
Industry vs Inferiority
- important to give children rewards for completed activities
- self worth found in personal/social tasks
- fear of ridicule from peers (BULLYING)
- inferiority occurs when repeated failures with little support
What is prepubescence?
- 2 years preceding puberty
Grisl: start about 9-12
Boys a bit later
What is Piaget’s stage for 7-11 years?
Concrete operations
- sees weight and volume and unchanging: so different shapes of a bottle with same amount of water would seem like different amounts of water to them
- lacks ability to think abstractly (simple analogies)
- understand time and grammar rule
- classifies object by common elements
- self-motivation and problem solvers
Motor Skills for school age children
can do pretty much everything we can do
what’s an important health screening for school-age children?
for scoliosis and obesity
what are big safety issues for school age children?
- trampoline is a big one
- need to have conversation about drugs/alcohol
until what age should children be in a booster seat in the back of the car?
until age 13
What age group is from 11-20 years for Erikson? (divdied into 3 sections)
adolescence
- Identity vs Role Confusion
11-14 Early
- focuses on bodily changes
- frequent mood changes
- peers VERY imporant and acceptance (struggle to separate from parents)
- take mor responsibly for own behavior
14-16 Middle
- tries out idfferent roles
- sexuality: interested in romantic attraction
17-20 (sometimes up to 25) Late
- establish roles with peer group
- feels secure with body image
- idealistic career goals
- one-on-one friendships
- family emancipation
What’s the big development that happens during adolescence
sexual maturation , puberty
What percentage of height growth occurs during puberty?
20-25% of total height
Cognitive Piaget stages of 11-20 years of age
Formal Operations
11-14 Early
- limited abstact thinking, egocentric
14-17 Middle
- abstract starts, increase in attention span
- think they’re invincible
17-20
(look up)
what happens with religious beliefs of adolescents?
- becomes more personalized and develops own moral set
What’s a distinct marker of language with adolescents?
- develop unique jargon with peers
What habit changes in adolescence b/c of metabolism and rapid growth?
sleep habits changes: will want to sleep later and stay up later
What are big safety issues for adolescents?
- motor accidents
- sexual health: STIs, pregnancy education
What do you need to make sure you assess for with an adolescent?
- depressionL sleep/appetite changes, mood changes, school performance, isolation, anhedonia
