Test 2: HI PSY Flashcards
Who are the major figures in psychology studied
Freud
Jung
Maslow
Rogers
James
What are the major features of Freud’s psychological model
Ego/Id
* Id is developed out of biological needs and instinctual drives (“It”)
* Ego develops to handle the universe
* Superego develops to handle the demands of parents and society
Subconscious holds instinct, trauma, preconscious knowledge
Model for human development: Ego (self) emerges to direct the emotional energy of the unconscious id to engage with the world
Goal is to make what is unconscious conscious, to make it useful or within our control (strengthen ego, gain awareness of id/repressed content)
Dream images/symbols have hidden meaning
Introduced defense mechanisms (repression, denial rationalization, projection, isolation, reaction formation (opposite), sublimation (rechanneling energy)
Psychosexual developmental Model: oral, anal, phallic/genital
God & religion dismissed as longing for primary relationship with one’s father
What are the major takeaways from Freud’s work to a spiritual leader?
Role of emotions & feelings
Early childhood experiences influence our unconscious beliefs
Thoughts/feelings have meaning
Must view & understand unconscious, like dream work
Therapists & practitioners work to uncover what is hidden
Use with client: hidden beliefs, symbols in dreams & imagery
What are the major features of Jung’s psychological model
Core of this model: Archetypes (“Hero’s Quest”)
* Inherited predispositions to respond to the world in certain ways
* Form without content, just the structure
* Snowflake: Each is 6-sided. That’s the structure/archetype. Each can be unique while still expressing that structure.
Innate drive toward self-realization
Symbols, active imagination & dreams are important in counseling
Integrated spirituality & religion, believing psychology & religion related
God is essential part of person, not healed without a spiritual outlook
Personality Components: Ego (conscious self), shadow (unconscious self), Persona (mask for society) & Self (true self)
What are the major takeaways from Jung’s work to a spiritual leader?
Wholeness, reconciling our various aspects
Integrating ourselves (oneness with God)
Archetypes & unconscious beliefs come with us into the world & manifest
Focus on broad internal growth through individualization vs narrow persona
Use with clients: shadow self to integrate fully wholeness
What are the major features of Rogers’ psychological model
Person-Centered Counseling (therapy as growth experience directed by client, understanding the inherent desire to be whole, complete & self-actualized)
Client has his own answers
Tendency to grow, develop & realize full potential in every living organism
Treated clients with unconditional positive regard
Six Basic Prerequisites for any Counselor:
* Sensitivity
* Stance of Objectivity
* Attitude of respect for Individual
* Self-understanding
* Psychological Knowledge
* Empathy
What are the major takeaways from Rogers’ work to a spiritual leader?
Tendency toward health or self-actualization is part of human nature
Capacity for positive change is natural & expected: control of conditions
Client has own answers: direct revelation
Use with clients: unconditional positive regard and inner wisdom, prac model
What are the major features of Maslow’s psychological model
Hierarchy of needs (model of human drives): Physiological, Safety, Belonging & Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization (full use of capacities, enjoy peak experiences)
Peak Experiences: moments of bliss, joy, ecstasy; awareness of personal time& space dissolves; mystical, unitive &numinous experiences
Self-actualization is an ongoing process
* One is not self-actualized, but self-actualizing
* Refers to man’s desire for fulfillment, to become in actuality potentiality
* SA people are happier, continue to grow, but not perfect
* Involved in goals outside of themselves
* Healthy SA=productive, pragmatic, purposeful, practical, fulfilled
* Transcendent SA= more aware of sacredness of life, sense the unity of all, experience & value peak experiences as most important
Counselor as coach or guide – client can trust inner wisdom
Synergy: combined action of elements results in a total effect greater than the sum of all the elements independently, cooperation among individuals
What are the major takeaways from Maslow’s work to a spiritual leader?
Ongoing process of growth
Identification of transcendence, sanctity of life, inner source of wisdom
Freedom – SA frees us from limitations
Being psychology: assumes we are whole and complete
Hierarchy of needs: use with clients to prioritize needs & beliefs to work on
How would you describe Freud’s influence on psychology in a few sentences?
1856-1938 Austria
Put the Focus on what didn’t work; Developed the sick half of psychology
Added a basement (unconscious) to a single story house (conscious)
How would you describe Jung’s influence on psychology in a few sentences?
1875-1961 Swiss
Built on Freud
Added an attic to the house (place for the numinous, bigger than basement)
How would you describe Rogers’ influence on psychology in a few sentences?
Humanistic
1902-1987 USA
Focused individual drive toward growth, health & adjustment.
Emphasized current life situations more than past.
How would you describe Maslow’s influence on psychology in a few sentences?
1908-1970 USA
Instrumental in creating the foundation of spiritual psychology.
One of the founders of Humanistic & Transpersonal Psychology
Distinguished between Deficiency Psychology (motivated by lack, deprivation & avoidance of pain) & Being Psychology (shift focus from coping to striving for full expression as a human being).
What are Maslow’s needs?
Physical
Social
Esteem
Significance
Actualization
What are Freud’s Defense Mechanisms
Repression: forcing anxiety producing event, idea, or story away from all awareness
Denial: unwilling to accept event that disturbs the ego
Rationalization: finding acceptable reasons for unacceptable thoughts or actions
Reaction Formation: focus on feelings/behaviors that are opposite of your true desire
Projection: your feelings are attributed to coming from others
Regression: de-maturing
Sublimation: energy redirected to new goals
Intellectualization: explaining away
Displacement: aim emotion at something else
Isolation: walled off true feelings anxiety related to an event
What is the Sufi model of human nature?
Open the heart qalb and transform the personality.
Sheik
Remembrance and repetition zikr is the way to open the heart
Prayer
Nefs
What is the yoga approach to modelling human nature?
Practices for health of chastity, diet, meditation, breath, energy centers and flows through the body, humors, spiritual transformation through physical transformation
We need work
What is the zen approach to modelling human nature?
What is the Buddhist approach to modelling human nature
4 noble truths
Suffering
Attachment
Eliminate attachment
8 fold path
RIGHT
Speech
Livelihood
Action
Effort
Mindfulness
Concentration
Thought
Understanding
What was William James’ contribution to psychology and the understanding of consciousness
James was less interested in specific contents of the psyche than in the very dynamics of consciousness itself, and he pointed out that consciousness has a flow to it.
William James said this, he wrote brilliantly on habit—our habits are the things that tend to make us the most unconscious.
William James’ rise of religious experience or other look[s] at many of the great mystics, it doesn’t look like moments of sudden inspiration from a beautiful sunset or a beautiful piece of scripture. So often, the great mystics talk about the ‘going into the depths,’ ‘going into the dark night of the soul,’ really touching deep pain and darkness in their lives, and then from that going into a very powerful and mystical experience. And, it’s almost like the model we talked about yesterday, where going into the darkness is cleansing: you get rid of so much so when you come out of that space, in a way, one has been cleansed in a certain way and was more open to a really powerful mystical experience.
That most psychologists come to the stream and they bring a bucket, or a basin, or some container, and they kind of scoop this living, flowing water out, and they hold it in a bucket and analyze it, but something gets lost when you take your analysis out of the very dynamics of the flow which consciousness by its very nature is.
One of the interesting things that James points out is that consciousness is an active process, that we do not experience the world in a passive way. Before James, most of the philosophers that were interested in consciousness—Locke, Jung, Spencer, others—assumed that the mind is relatively passive, and that experience operates on the mind, and the mind simply, in a sense, receives the sensations that come in from the outside world. James pointed out that this isn’t true.
James said, and I quote, “my experience is what I agree to attend to.” It’s a very important issue. “My experience is what I agree to attend to.” In other words, attention is a key element in consciousness. We have habits of attention. And, in some sense, you might define a person not by their personality in terms of their personality style, but one way to define a person is: what are their habits of attention? What do they attend to in the outer world, and what do they not attend to? What do they attend to in their inner world, and what do they not attend to?
One person may be extremely attentive to anger. In a sense, they’re hyper-vigilant and they immediately notice if there’re any feelings of anger in anyone around them. They pick it up immediately, and they also may notice if they themselves have any feelings of anger. And, these are people who…for whom anger, that emotion, is one that’s frequently felt and frequently noticed because that’s where they pay attention. The opposite is also true: there’re people who tend to not to pay attention to anger. The classic, almost, in a dialog between a husband and wife and the wife said, “what’re you feeling,” and the husband says, “nothing. I’m not angry.” And it’s not only men, but men seem to do this really well, is to kind of ignore powerful emotions in themselves and in others.
So, in a sense, where – what is one alert to? [To] What does one pay attention? What makes one alert in the environment and what makes one fall asleep are good questions for us, and they’re ways of beginning to understand ourselves. If we don’t pay attention to inner sensations, what happens? We don’t become conscious of them. It’s an interesting way of looking at Freud’s notion and Jung’s notion of the unconscious, which is, to some extent, the unconscious is what we don’t pay attention to. It’s not necessarily repressed in Freud’s sense, but literally, bodily feelings or even thoughts or images that we don’t pay attention to, it’s not that we don’t have them, but they certainly don’t come into consciousness, and to some extent we may even act as though they didn’t occur.
One interesting notion is: to work on one’s attention is to expand one’s consciousness, and there are many spiritual disciplines where that is one of the key elements. In Zen Buddhism, for example, part of Zen sitting is to sit and pay attention to one’s thoughts without being carried away by them. That’s a very simple definition of, at least, the practice of Shikantaza, which is the Soto version of Zazen.
Schopenhauer’s fixed character vs James
“The problem we face is less what act we shall now resolve to do than what being we shall now choose to become.”
So he says we choose by our choices what character we shall have.
