test 2 - CoQ

Question 1

How many isoprene units does CoQ10 have?

Answer 1

10

Question 2

What is the structural difference between Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol?

Answer 2

Ubiquinone is fully oxidized with double bonded oxygen on top and bottom of the ring
Ubiquinol is fully reduced with alcohol groups on top and bottom of the ring.

Question 3

A typical Western diet provides 3-5 mg of CoQ10 daily with 70% being derived from ________ and ________

Answer 3

Meat and Poultry

Question 4

What are the 3 enzymes that keep CoQ10 reduced in the cells and plasma?

Answer 4

1) NADH cytochrome reducatase
2) NADH/NADPH oxidoreducatse
3) NADPH coenzyme Q reductase

Question 5

True or False: High doses of Vitamin E may interfere with CoQ10 absorption

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What is the intracellular fundamental building block for CoQ10?

Answer 6

mevalonate

Question 7

_________ Drugs competitively inhibit HMG-CoA Reductase which stops cholesterol synthesis and inadvertently CoQ10 synthesis as well

Answer 7

statin

Question 8

True or False: CoQ10 is found in all membranes throughout all cells of the human body, and 50% of the body’s CoQ10 is localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane, especially in nervous tissue

Answer 8

False: CoQ10 is found in all membranes throughout all cells of the human body, and 50% of the body’s CoQ10 is localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane, especially in cardiac muscle

Question 9

The CoQ10 radical is regenerated by _________ acid and __________ reductase

Answer 9

Dihydrolipoic acid and Thioredoxin reductase

Question 10

Age associated changes in CoQ10 content are most evident in mitochondria and this decrease may be due to what two reasons?

Answer 10

1) Higher oxidative stress produced during ageing placing more of a demand on CoQ10 concentrations
2) Reduced enzymatic function of the enzymes responsible to synthesizing CoQ10 or maintaining its reduced ubiquinol state.

Question 11

True or False: CoQ10 can be excreted by both the urine or excreted in the feces via the bile.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

What tissue is most susceptible to CoQ10 deficiency? why?

Answer 12

Heart/Cardiac muscle because cardiac tissue possesses nearly 2 times the concentration of CoQ10 per gram (130 nmol/g vs. 70 nmol/g) than other tissues.

Question 13

True or False: CoQ10 has the potential to lower systolic blood pressure but shows little statistical significance in reducing diastolic blood pressure

Answer 13

False: CoQ10 has the potentialto lower systolic blood pressure by up to 13mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10mmHg

Question 14

True or False: The primary action of CoQ10 in clinical hypertension is vasodilation via the quenching of free radicals which would otherwise destroy nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Because both cholesterol and CoQ10 synthesis depend on the enzyme _____-_____ ____________, both can be blocked by statins

Answer 15

HMG-CoA Reductase

Question 16

True or False: Supplementing with CoQ10 is not highly recommended to patients undergoing treatment with Statin drugs because the CoQ10 can interfere with the Statin drugs ability to prevent cholesterol synthesis

Answer 16

False: Supplementing with CoQ10 is highly recommended to prevent the myopathic side effects associated with statin drugs

Question 17

Explain why a defficiency in CoQ10 would potentially cause a patient to undergo Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 17

What initiates Rhabdomyolysis is Apoptosis caused by the mitochondrial membrane leaking cytochrome C leading to the caspase cascade. Mitochondrial membranes are destroyed by free-radicals which are not being Absorbed by CoQ10