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Tri 4 - Nutritional II > test 2 - articles > Flashcards

test 2 - articles Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: In 1886, in what was probably the first study to investigate the influence of dietary fat on gastric function, Ewald and Boas observed that the addition of Olive Oil to a test meal suppressed gastric acid secretion

A

true

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2
Q

______ Acid makes up 55-83% of the total fatty acids complexed in the form of triglycerides in olive oil

A

oleic acid

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3
Q

Triglycerides are primarily digested by pancreatic lipase, which is released from the pancreatic tissue into the duodenum as a hormonal response to a neuropeptide called ________________ that is created from duodenal enteroendocrine I cells

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

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4
Q

Pancreatic Lipase has an optimal pH of ___ and will not work in pH’s lower than ___

A

8

6

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5
Q

_______ acid is the most potent factor for releasing CCK from the small intestine into the blood, which means that the consumption of this fatty acid in olive oil contributes to the regulation of physiological pancreatic bile secretions.

A

oleic acid

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6
Q

True or False: Oleic acid is also a weak liberator of pancreatic polypeptide

A

False: Oleic acid is also a powerful liberator of pancreatic polypeptide

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7
Q

True or False: Oleic acid is associated with the release of several peptides in plasma including CCK, Secretin, and tyrosine-tyrosine peptide YY and with the suppression of plasma gastrin.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

The loss of ______-cell function and insulin sensitivity is know to contribute to the development of diabetes.

A

beta-cell

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9
Q

Explain why oleic acid and plamitic acid could promote insulin secretion and resistance.

A

It is likely that oleic acid and palmitic acid could compete at the level of the Beta-cell which is in line with a previous model that explains the ability of fatty acids to trigger insulin secretion by glucose-responsive triglyceride/free fatty acid cycling.

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10
Q

True or False: Oleic acid was found to elicit half the insulinotropic potency of palmitic or stearic acids, thus it has been hypothesized that, in comparison with saturated fats, the oleic acid in olive oil might moderate the postprandial hyperactivity of Beta-cells.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Patients become less insulin-resistant postprandially as the proportion of oleic acid to palmitic acid ____________ (increased/decreased) in dietary fats

A

increased

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12
Q

What is the influence of Oleic Acid on Postprandial Blood Pressure?

A

induced marked and significant reductions in systolic blood pressure after acute (2 hours) administration.

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13
Q

What is the primary isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) from beef (>80%)? and what is the synthetic isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid?

A

Primary: cis-9,trans-11
Synthetic: cis-12,trans-10

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14
Q

What are the major Anti-Obesity Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation?

A

A number of human trials reported positive correlations between CLA supplementation and a reduction in body weight (BW) and body fat mass (BFM), as well as an improvement in lean body mass (LBM), body mas index (BMI), waist measurement, or sagittal abdominal diameter.

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15
Q

True or False: An inverse correlation between CLA and breast cancer incidence was reported in women

A

False: CLA intake levels have either no effect or a weak positive correlation with breast cancer incidence.

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16
Q

True or False: An inverse correlation between CLA and Colorectal cancer incidence was reported in women.

A

TRUE

17
Q

What are the coorolations between Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Exercise/Strength

A

CLA increases endurance capacity during prolonged exercise.

18
Q

Conjugated Linoleic Acid is typically found in what products?

A

Milk and dairy

19
Q

The Microbial Species that have the most beneficial applications as probiotics are classified as lactic acid bacteria and among them the ones with the most important properties belong to the genera ______________ and ________________

A

lactococcus

and

bifidobacterium

20
Q

Lactic acid bacteria are Gram ____(+,-), Catalase ____ (+,-) bacterial species able to produce lactic acid

A

Gram +, Catalase -

21
Q

What are two important synthetic functions that the human Microbiome do for us?

A

Synthetic functions such as the production of vitamins K and B and immune roles such as the modulation of innate immunity, the promotion, maturation and development of cell-mediated immunity, and the maintenance of the appropriate immune response to pathogens.

22
Q

True or False: In addition, the microbiome plays an important part in the preservation of the intestinal barrier function

A

TRUE

23
Q

The composition of the gut micrombiome determines the diversity and size of the Bile Acid pool in diferent host compartments. As a result, transformed Bile Acids can be re-absorbed into mesenteric circulation and exert signaling functions in different tissues though what two receptors?

A

Nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or G-protein coupled receptor (TGR-5) among others

24
Q

True or False: It has been shown that Bile Acid signaling though FXR results in the increase of triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids

A

False: It has been shown that Bile Acid signaling though FXR results in the reduction of triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids

25
Q

Adults who shifted from a high-fat/low fiber diet, generally a Bacteroides-dominated enterotype, to a low-fat and / or high-fiber diet display notable changes in the gut microbiota within ____ hours

A

24 hours

26
Q

True or False: Approximately 70% of the human immune system is found in the GI tract

A

TRUE

27
Q

Tisser observed that gut microbiota from health breast fed infants were dominated by which bacteria, which were absent from formula fed infants suffering from diarrhoea?

A

bifidobacteria

28
Q

The Greek term Probiotic means what?

A

for life

29
Q

What is the definition of Probiotic?

A

Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefit on the host

30
Q

What is the definition of Prebiotics?

A

food supplements that are nondisgestible by the host but are to exert beneficial effects by selective stimulation of growth or activity of microorganisms that are present in the intestine. (inulin, Fructo-oligosaccharides, glacto-oligosaccharides)

31
Q

What is the minimum concentration of probiotic microorganisms that should be consumed daily for the probiotic effect to be transferred to the consumer?

A

10^6 CFU/mL or a total of 10^8 to 10^9 probiotic microorganisms

32
Q

The Congugated Linoleic Acid isomer that is responsible for a positive role in body composition improvement is the trans-___,cis-____ form

A

Trans-10,Cis-12 form

33
Q

What Geneotype is associated with higher levels of circulating angiotension and essential hypertension, and is it more or less responsive to a DASH type diet?

A

AA genotype for ANG G6-A polymorphism, and it is more responsive to a DASH diet

34
Q

What is the benefits of Lateral Transfer of Genes?

A

artificially caused by recombinant genes used to change organoleptic or nutritional characteristics of foods such as longer shelf life, drought resistant, more nutritious, etc.

35
Q

What genotype lets people significantly more likely to consume less caffeine without migraines occurring?

A

ADORA2A TT genotype

36
Q

True or False: The FDA & the CDC emphasized absence of scientific proof that genetic tests can be used “safely or effectively” to make nutritional choices

A

TRUE

37
Q
A

Tri 4 - Nutritional II (4 decks)

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