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Social Problems > Test 2 (Chp. 6-11) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chp. 6-11) Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

the lack of resources necessary for material well-being —

most importantly, food and water,

but also:

  • housing
  • sanitation
  • education
  • and health care
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2
Q

Corporate Welfare

A

laws and policies

that benefit corporations

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3
Q

Feminization of Poverty

A

the disproportionate distribution of poverty among women

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4
Q

Intergenerational Poverty

A

poverty that is

transmitted from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Means-tested Programs

A

assistance programs

that have eligibility requirements

based on income

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6
Q

Relative Poverty

A

the lack of material and economic resources

compared with some other population

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7
Q

Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP)

A

the largest U.S. food assistance program

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8
Q

Temporary Assistance for

Needy Families (TANF)

A

a federal cash welfare program

that involves work requirements and

a five-year lifetime limit

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9
Q

Wealth

A

the total assets of an

individual or household

minus liabilities

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10
Q

Wealthfare

A

law and policies that benefit the rich

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11
Q

Working Poor

A

individuals who

spend at least 27 weeks per year

in the labor force

(working or looking for work)

but whose income falls below the official poverty line

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12
Q

Automation

A

the replacement of human labor with

  • machinery
  • and equipment
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13
Q

Free Trade Agreements

A

pacts

  • between 2 countries or
  • among a group of countries

that make it easier to trade goods

across national boundaries by

reducing or eliminating restrictions on

  • exports
  • and tariff (or taxes)

on imported goods

and protecting intellectual property rights

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14
Q

Global Economy

A

an interconnected network

of economic activity

that transcends national borders

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15
Q

Labor Unions

A

worker advocacy organizations

that developed to:

protect workers and represent them

at negotiations between management and labor

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16
Q

McDonaldization

A

the process by which

principles of the fast-food industry

  • efficiency
  • calculability
  • predictability
  • and control through technology

are being applied to more sectors of society,

particularly the workplace

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17
Q

Outsourcing

A

a practice in which

a business subcontracts

with a third party

to provide business services

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18
Q

Transnational Corporations

A

also known as multinational corporations,

corporations that have their home base

in one country and branches, or affiliates,

in other countries

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19
Q

Unemployment

A

to be currently without employment,

actively seeking employment,

and available for employment

according to U.S. measures of unemployment

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20
Q

Underemployment

A

unemployed workers

as well as those working part-time

but who wish to work full-time,

those who want to work but

have been discouraged from searching

by their lack of success,

and others who are neither working nor seeking work

but who want and are available to work

and have looked for employment in the last year.

also refers to the employment of workers

with high skills and/or educational attainment

working in low-skill or low-wage jobs

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21
Q

Bullying

A

bullying “entails an imbalance of power

that exists over a long period of time

in which the more powerful intimidate or belittle others” (Hurst 2005, p. 1)

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22
Q

Charter Schools

A

schools that originate in contracts, or charters,

which articulate a plan of instruction

that local or state authorities must approve

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23
Q

Homeschooling

Study These Flashcards
A

the education of children at home

instead of in a public or private school

24
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Study These Flashcards
A

a concept referring to

the tendency for people

to act in a manner consistent with the expectations of others

25
**Acculturation**
the process of adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised
26
**Affirmative Action**
a broad range of policies and practices in the workplace and educational institutions to promote equal opportunity as well as diversity
27
**Assimilation**
the process by which formerly distinct and separate groups merge and become integrated as one
28
**Discrimination**
actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals
29
**Ethnicity**
shared cultural heritage or nationality
30
**Expulsion**
occurs when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country
31
**Genocide**
the deliberate, systematic annihilation of an entire nation of people
32
**Minority Group**
a category of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society and who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination
33
**Pluralism**
a state in which racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctness but respect each other and have equal access to social resources
34
**Prejudice**
negative attitudes and feelings towards or about an entire category of people
35
**Racism**
the belief that one race accounts for differences in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others
36
**Race**
a category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant
37
**Segregation**
the physical separation of two groups in * residence * workplace * and social functions
38
**Stereotypes**
**exaggerations** or **generalizations** about the **characteristics** and **behavior** of a particular group
39
**Comparable Worth**
the belief that individuals in occupations, even in different occupations, should be paid equally if the jobs requires “comparable” levels of * education * training * and responsibility
40
**Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)**
the proposed 28th amendment to the Constitution, which states that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on the account of sex.”
41
**Feminism**
the belief that men and women should have equal: * rights * and responsibilities
42
**Gender Roles**
patterns of socially defined behaviors and expectations associated with being male or female
43
**Glass Ceiling**
an invisible barrier that prevents women and other minorities from moving into top corporate positions
44
**Glass Escalator Effect**
the tendency for men seeking or working in traditionally female occupations to benefit from their minority status
45
**Sexism**
the belief that innate * psychological, * behavioral, * and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other
46
**Sexual Harassment**
in reference to workplace harassment, when an employer requires sexual favors in exchange for a * promotion, * salary increase, * or any other employee benefit and/or the existence of a hostile environment that unreasonably interferes with job performance
47
**Sex vs. Gender**
Sex - a person’s **biological** classification as a male or female Gender - the social definitions and expectations associated with being male or female
48
**Bisexuality**
* the emotional, * cognitive, * and sexual attraction to members of both sexes
49
**Civil Union**
a legal status that entitles same-sex couples who apply for and receive a civil union certificate to nearly all of the benefits available to married couples
50
**Domestic Partners**
a status that some states, counties, cities, and workplaces grant to unmarried couples, including gay and lesbian couples, which conveys various rights and responsibilities
51
**Gay**
a term that can refer to either women or men who are attracted to same-sex partners
52
**Gay Pride**
demonstrative and cultural expressions of gay activism that include: * celebrations, * marches, * demonstrations, * or other cultural activities promoting gay rights
53
**Heterosexuality**
the predominance of * emotional, * cognitive, * and sexual attraction to individuals of the same sex
54
**Homophobia**
negative or hostile attitudes directed toward: * non-heterosexual sexual behavior, * a non-heterosexually identified individual, * and communities of non-heterosexuals
55
**LGBT, LGBTQ, LGBTQI**
terms used to refer collectively to * lesbian, * gay, * bisexual, * transgender, * questioning or “queer” * and/or intersexed individuals
56
**Sexual Orientation**
a person’s * emotional and sexual attractions, * relationships, * self-identity, * and behavior

Social Problems (3 decks)

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