Test 2 (Chp. 6-11)

Question 1

Absolute Poverty

Answer 1

the lack of resources necessary for material well-being —

most importantly, food and water,

but also:

• housing
• sanitation
• education
• and health care

Question 2

Corporate Welfare

Answer 2

laws and policies

that benefit corporations

Question 3

Feminization of Poverty

Answer 3

the disproportionate distribution of poverty among women

Question 4

Intergenerational Poverty

Answer 4

poverty that is

transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 5

Means-tested Programs

Answer 5

assistance programs

that have eligibility requirements

based on income

Question 6

Relative Poverty

Answer 6

the lack of material and economic resources

compared with some other population

Question 7

Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP)

Answer 7

the largest U.S. food assistance program

Question 8

Temporary Assistance for

Needy Families (TANF)

Answer 8

a federal cash welfare program

that involves work requirements and

a five-year lifetime limit

Question 9

Wealth

Answer 9

the total assets of an

individual or household

minus liabilities

Question 10

Wealthfare

Answer 10

law and policies that benefit the rich

Question 11

Working Poor

Answer 11

individuals who

spend at least 27 weeks per year

in the labor force

(working or looking for work)

but whose income falls below the official poverty line

Question 12

Automation

Answer 12

the replacement of human labor with

• machinery
• and equipment

Question 13

Free Trade Agreements

Answer 13

pacts

• between 2 countries or
• among a group of countries

that make it easier to trade goods

across national boundaries by

reducing or eliminating restrictions on

• exports
• and tariff (or taxes)

on imported goods

and protecting intellectual property rights

Question 14

Global Economy

Answer 14

an interconnected network

of economic activity

that transcends national borders

Question 15

Labor Unions

Answer 15

worker advocacy organizations

that developed to:

protect workers and represent them

at negotiations between management and labor

Question 16

McDonaldization

Answer 16

the process by which

principles of the fast-food industry

• efficiency
• calculability
• predictability
• and control through technology

are being applied to more sectors of society,

particularly the workplace

Question 17

Outsourcing

Answer 17

a practice in which

a business subcontracts

with a third party

to provide business services

Question 18

Transnational Corporations

Answer 18

also known as multinational corporations,

corporations that have their home base

in one country and branches, or affiliates,

in other countries

Question 19

Unemployment

Answer 19

to be currently without employment,

actively seeking employment,

and available for employment

according to U.S. measures of unemployment

Question 20

Underemployment

Answer 20

unemployed workers

as well as those working part-time

but who wish to work full-time,

those who want to work but

have been discouraged from searching

by their lack of success,

and others who are neither working nor seeking work

but who want and are available to work

and have looked for employment in the last year.

also refers to the employment of workers

with high skills and/or educational attainment

working in low-skill or low-wage jobs

Question 21

Bullying

Answer 21

bullying “entails an imbalance of power

that exists over a long period of time

in which the more powerful intimidate or belittle others” (Hurst 2005, p. 1)

Question 22

Charter Schools

Answer 22

schools that originate in contracts, or charters,

which articulate a plan of instruction

that local or state authorities must approve

Question 23

Homeschooling

Answer 23

the education of children at home

instead of in a public or private school

Question 24

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 24

a concept referring to

the tendency for people

to act in a manner consistent with the expectations of others

Question 25

Acculturation

Answer 25

the process of

adopting the culture of a group different

from the one in which a person was originally raised

Question 26

Affirmative Action

Answer 26

a broad range of policies and practices

in the workplace and educational institutions

to promote equal opportunity as well as diversity

Question 27

Assimilation

Answer 27

the process by which

formerly distinct and separate groups

merge and become integrated as one

Question 28

Discrimination

Answer 28

actions or practices

that result in differential treatment

of categories of individuals

Question 29

Ethnicity

Answer 29

shared cultural heritage or nationality

Question 30

Expulsion

Answer 30

occurs when a

dominant group forces a subordinate group

to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country

Question 31

Genocide

Answer 31

the deliberate, systematic annihilation of an entire nation of people

Question 32

Minority Group

Answer 32

a category of people

who have unequal access to

positions of power, prestige, and wealth in a society

and who tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination

Question 33

Pluralism

Answer 33

a state in which racial and ethnic groups

maintain their distinctness

but respect each other

and have equal access to social resources

Question 34

Prejudice

Answer 34

negative attitudes and feelings

towards or about an entire category of people

Question 35

Racism

Answer 35

the belief that one race

accounts for differences

in human character and ability

and that a particular race is superior to others

Question 36

Race

Answer 36

a category of people who are believed to

share distinct physical characteristics

that are deemed socially significant

Question 37

Segregation

Answer 37

the physical separation of two groups in

• residence
• workplace
• and social functions

Question 38

Stereotypes

Answer 38

exaggerations or generalizations

about the characteristics and behavior

of a particular group

Question 39

Comparable Worth

Answer 39

the belief that individuals in occupations,

even in different occupations,

should be paid equally

if the jobs requires “comparable” levels of

• education
• training
• and responsibility

Question 40

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 40

the proposed 28th amendment to the Constitution,

which states that “equality of rights under the law

shall not be denied or abridged

by the United States, or by any state,

on the account of sex.”

Question 41

Feminism

Answer 41

the belief that men and women should have equal:

• rights
• and responsibilities

Question 42

Gender Roles

Answer 42

patterns of

socially defined behaviors and expectations

associated with being male or female

Question 43

Glass Ceiling

Answer 43

an invisible barrier

that prevents women and other minorities

from moving into top corporate positions

Question 44

Glass Escalator Effect

Answer 44

the tendency for men

seeking or working in

traditionally female occupations

to benefit from their minority status

Question 45

Sexism

Answer 45

the belief that innate

• psychological,
• behavioral,
• and/or intellectual differences

between women and men

and that these differences

connote the superiority of one group

and the inferiority of the other

Question 46

Sexual Harassment

Answer 46

in reference to workplace harassment,

when an employer requires sexual favors in exchange for a

• promotion,
• salary increase,
• or any other employee benefit

and/or the existence of a hostile environment

that unreasonably interferes with job performance

Question 47

Sex vs. Gender

Answer 47

Sex - a person’s biological classification as a male or female

Gender - the social definitions and expectations associated with being male or female

Question 48

Bisexuality

Answer 48

• the emotional,
• cognitive,
• and sexual attraction

to members of both sexes

Question 49

Civil Union

Answer 49

a legal status

that entitles same-sex couples

who apply for and receive a civil union certificate

to nearly all of the benefits available to married couples

Question 50

Domestic Partners

Answer 50

a status that some states, counties, cities, and workplaces

grant to unmarried couples,

including gay and lesbian couples,

which conveys various rights and responsibilities

Question 51

Gay

Answer 51

a term that can refer to

either women or men

who are attracted to same-sex partners

Question 52

Gay Pride

Answer 52

demonstrative and cultural expressions

of gay activism that include:

• celebrations,
• marches,
• demonstrations,
• or other cultural activities promoting gay rights

Question 53

Heterosexuality

Answer 53

the predominance of

• emotional,
• cognitive,
• and sexual attraction

to individuals of the same sex

Question 54

Homophobia

Answer 54

negative or hostile attitudes directed toward:

• non-heterosexual sexual behavior,
• a non-heterosexually identified individual,
• and communities of non-heterosexuals

Question 55

LGBT, LGBTQ, LGBTQI

Answer 55

terms used to refer collectively to

• lesbian,
• gay,
• bisexual,
• transgender,
• questioning or “queer”
• and/or intersexed individuals

Question 56

Sexual Orientation

Answer 56

a person’s

• emotional and sexual attractions,
• relationships,
• self-identity,
• and behavior