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Social Problems > Final (Chp. 12-15) > Flashcards

Final (Chp. 12-15) Flashcards

1
Q

Ageism

A

Negative

  • stereotyping
  • prejudice
  • and discrimination

based on a person’s or group’s

perceived chronological age

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2
Q

Baby Boomers

A

The generation of Americans

born between 1946 and 1964

a period of high birthrates

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3
Q

Doubling Time

A

The time required for a population

to double in size from a given base year

if the current rate of growth continues

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4
Q

Sandwich Generation

A

A generation of people

who care for their aging parents

while also taking care of their own children

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5
Q

Total Fertility Rates

A

The average lifetime number

of births per woman

in a population

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6
Q

Deforestation

A

The conversion of forestland to non-forestland

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7
Q

Ecosystems

A

The complex and dynamic relationships

between forms of life

and the environments they inhabit

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8
Q

Fracking

A

Hydraulic fracturing,

commonly referred to as “fracking,”

involves injecting a mixture of

  • water
  • sand
  • and chemicals

into drilled wells to crack shale rock

and release natural gas into the well

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9
Q

Global Warming

A

The increasing average global temperature,

caused mainly by

the accumulation of various gases (greenhouse gases)

that collect in the atmosphere

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10
Q

Green Energy

A

AKA clean energy,

energy that is nonpolluting and/or renewable,

such as

  • solar power
  • wind power
  • biofuel
  • and hydrogen
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11
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

Gases (primarily:

  • carbon dioxide
  • methane
  • and nitrous oxide)

that accumulate in the atmosphere

and act like the glass in a greenhouse,

holding heat from the sun close to the earth

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12
Q

Light Pollution

A

Artificial lighting that is

  • annoying
  • unnecessary
  • and/or harmful to life forms on earth
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13
Q

Sustainable Development

A

Occurs when human populations can

have fulfilling lives without degrading the planet

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14
Q

Automation

A

Dominant in an industrial society,

the replacement of human labor with

machinery and equipment that are self-operating

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15
Q

Cultural Lag

A

A condition in which

the material part of culture change at a faster rate

than the non-material part (ex. beliefs and value)

Example: new technologies (ex. computer) created new opportunities for women,

but beliefs about:

  • women’s roles
  • expectations of female behavior
  • and values concerning marriage, equality, and divorce

have lagged behind

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16
Q

Cybernation

A

Dominant in postindustrial societies,

the use of machines to control other machines

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17
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

The manipulation of

an organism’s genes in such a way that

the natural outcome is altered

18
Q

Mechanization

A

Dominant in an agricultural society,

the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand

19
Q

Science

A

The process of

  • discovering
  • explaining
  • and predicting

natural or social phenomena

20
Q

STEM

A

An acronym for

  • science
  • technology
  • engineering
  • and mathematics
21
Q

Technology

A

Activities that apply the principles of

science and mechanics

to the solutions of a specific problem

22
Q

Domestic Terrorism

A

Sometimes called insurgent terrorism,

occurs when the terrorist act involves

  • victims
  • targets
  • institutions
  • governments
  • or citizens

from one country

23
Q

Guerilla Warfare

A

Warfare in which organized groups oppose

domestic or foreign governments

and their military forces;

often involves small groups of individuals

who use camouflage and underground tunnels

to hide until they are ready to execute a surprise attack

24
Q

Military-Industrial Complex

A

A term first used by Dwight D. Eisenhower

to connote the close association between

the military and defense industries

25
Q

Terrorism

A

The premeditated use or threatened use of

violence by an individual or group

to gain a political objective

26
Q

Transnational Terrorism

A

Terrorism that occurs when a terrorist act in one country involves

  • victims
  • targets
  • institutions
  • governments
  • or citizens

of another country

27
Q

War

A

Organized armed violence

aimed at a social group

in pursuit of an objective

28
Q

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

A
  • Chemical
  • biological
  • and nuclear weapons

that have the capacity to

kill large numbers of people indiscriminately

29
Q

Demographic Transition Theory

A

Functionalist view on population growth

describes how industrialization has affected population growth

high fertility rates are necessary in traditional agricultural societies to:

  • offset high mortality
  • ensure continued survival of the population

as society becomes more industrialized, leads to a decline in mortality and fertility rates

  • progression from a population with short lives and large families to one with longer lives and small families

Stage 1: pre-industrial society, high birth rate, steady death rate = slow pop. growth

Stage 2: early industrial society, high birth rate, steep decline in death rate = rapid pop. growth

Stage 3: mature industrial society, declining birth rate, steady & low death rate = slow pop. growth

Stage 4: post-industrial society, steady & low birth and death rates = very slow pop. growth

30
Q

3 Stages Societies Go Through

When Appling Technology

A

Mechanization

Automation

Cybernation

31
Q

Conflict Perspective on

Population Growth

A

food shortages result primarily from the inequitable distribution of power and resources

population problems result from continued economic and gender inequality

views the elderly population as a special interest group that competes with younger populaitons for scarce resources

32
Q

Functionalist Perspective on

Environmental Problems

A

looks at how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of society

millions of people make a living on natural resources - will have to find alternate livelihoods if trends continue

as individuals lose their incomes, so do nations

“sometimes in maximizing benefits, you create a greater burden somewhere else.”

33
Q

**Conflict Perspective on **

Environmental Problems

A

wealthy nations consume more natural resources and generate higher amounts of poulltion and waste, exploit less developed nations for raw materials, labor, and as a market to sell goods

capitalist pursuit of profit encourages making money from industry regardless of damage done to the environment

environmental racism - tendency for populations and communities to disproportionately experience adversity due to the environmental problems
- located near minority communities

34
Q

Symbolic Interactionism on

Environmental Problems

A

corporations and industries use marketing and public relations strategies to construct favorable meanings of their company

ex. greenwashing - used by public realtions firms that specialize in damage control for clients whose reputations and profits have been hurt by poor environmental practices

35
Q

Functionalist Perspective

on Science and Technology

A

science fulfills the need for assumed objective measure of truth and provides basis for making intelligent and rational decisions

cultural lag

scientific discoveries or technological innovations may be dysfunctional for society and create instability in the social systems

36
Q

**Conflict Perspective **on

Science and Technology

A
37
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

on Science and Technology

A

truths are socially constructed

science works to fill gaps of the unanswered questions in public

social forces affect technological innovations - their success depends on the social meaning assigned to a particular product

societal defintions of men being good at math and science, while women are not

38
Q

Functionalism on

Conflict, War, and Terrorism

A

war would not exist unless it had positive outcomes for society

  • consolidate small autonomous social groups into larger political states
  • produces social cohesion and unity by giving a common cause and enemy
  • promotes economic and political cooperation
  • increase employment and stimulate the economy
  • inspire scientific and technological developments that are useful to citizens
  • encourage social reform
  • provided an alternative for the advancement of poor or disadvantaged who otherwise face discrimination of limited opportunities in the formal economy
39
Q

Conflict Perspective on

Conflict, War, and Terrorism

A
40
Q

Interactionism on Conflict,

War, and Terrorism

A

explains how military recruits and civilians develop a mind-set for war by defining war and its consequences as acceptable and necessary

positive labels and favorable definitions of military personnel facilitate recruitment and public support of armed forces

patriotism is popular in American society

government uses propaganda and appeals to patriotism to generate support of war efforts and to motivate individuals to join the armed forces

Social Problems (3 decks)

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