Test 2 - chapters 5-8

Question 1

natural selection

Answer 1

evolutionary process where the best heritable traits survive in certain environments

Question 2

evolutionary psychology

Answer 2

study of evolution of cognition & behavior using natural selection

Question 3

sex

Answer 3

2 biological categories of male & female

Question 4

gender

Answer 4

characteristics that people associate with males & females - biological & socially influenced

Question 5

testoterone

Answer 5

hormone more common in males, linked to dominance and aggression

Question 6

epigenetics

Answer 6

study of environmental influences on gene expression without DNA change

Question 7

5 Universal dimensions of social beliefs

Answer 7

• cynicism
• social complexity
• reward for application
• spirituality
• fate control

Question 8

STUDY: Facebook word study

Answer 8

• words used to express positive emotion in US & India
• found positive emotion expressed in similar ways in India & US with a few cultural differences

Question 9

gender roles

Answer 9

set of behavior expectations (norms) for males & females
- variation across time and cultures

Question 10

STUDY: Natural Language Study

Answer 10

• words and phrases with the largest gender gap among over 70,000 Facebook users
• men’s greater use of swearing
• women focus on shopping

Question 11

cultural psychology

Answer 11

• culture you grow up in shapes all psych processes and behaviors

Question 12

culture influence

Answer 12

• emotions
• attitudes
• beliefs
• behaviors

Question 13

STUDY: Manipulating environmental commitment (Wesselman)

Answer 13

• participants asked to spend time writing about ways they’re interdependent OR disconnected with the natural environment
• IV: writing about connection OR disconnect from environment
• DV: if reflecting on connection to environment increases commitment

STUDY 1:
- IV: randomly assigned high or low commitment
- DV: commitment to enviro & bases
RESULTS: high condition reported high commitment, higher satisfaction than low condition

STUDY 2:
- same as study 1 but only enviro commitment
RESULT: high condition = higher commitment
- no impact of peoples behavioral intentions

Question 14

STUDY: Senders & Recievers (Ross Buck 1974)

Answer 14

• watching highly emotional videos & unknowingly recorded
• sender: emotional reactions
• receivers: watch reaction videos & guess the emotional video shown
  RESULT: women senders easier to guess video - bigger emotions
• senders rated emotional experience & hooked to heart rate monitors
  
  • physical and self reports = same

Question 15

STUDY: Diary Study (Welgard 2021)

Answer 15

• men & women over 75 days of daily assessments (emotional volatility & inertia)
• women SHOW more emotion but NOT more emotional

Question 16

Lakoff (1973)

Answer 16

• said gender difs in tentative speech are big
• men - dominant positions - assertive language
• women - subordinate positions

Question 17

Leaper & Robnett (2011)

Answer 17

• update to Lakoff
• metanalysis of gender gap in tentative language
• found still significant gap in how men/women speak but smaller gap

Question 18

smiles

Answer 18

• people in lower position smile more non-duchenne
• higher power people only smile when truly happy

Question 19

conformity

Answer 19

change in behavior/belief as result of real or imagined group pressure
- acceptance & compliance = varieties pf conformity

Question 20

acceptance

Answer 20

• genuinely believing what the group has persuaded you to do

Question 21

compliance

Answer 21

• conforming to an expectation without really believing in what you’re doing

Question 22

obedience

Answer 22

• type of conformity/acting in accord to a direct order/command