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social psychology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

correlation research

A

statistical method assessing association between variables

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2
Q

experimental research

A

manipulating a variable - cause & effect

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3
Q

independent variable (IV)

A

variable researcher manipulates

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4
Q

levels

A

IV=light, the levels are dark or light

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5
Q

dependent variable (DV)

A

variable being measured - depends on IV

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6
Q

5 Moral Principles

A

1) respect for persons (informed consent)
2) risk/benefit analysis
3) justice (ppl in study should benefit from results)
4) trust (confidentiality)
5) fidelity/scientific integrity

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7
Q

active deception

A

intentionally providing false information or misleading

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8
Q

passive deception

A

withholding crucial information

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9
Q

STUDY: Real vs Imagined Gender Harassment (Woodzicka & LaFrance)

A

Study 1: imagined responses to harassment - asked how they’d feel
Result: most imagined they’d be confrontational

Study 2: creating sexual harassment in the lab - job interview where male interviewer asked harassing questions
Result: no one refused to answer, few confronted

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10
Q

spotlight effect

A

belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance/behavior than they really are

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11
Q

illusion of transparency

A

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

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12
Q

STUDY: Being nervous about looking nervous

A
  • Savitsky & Gilovich (2003)
  • wondered if “illusion of transparency” would disrupt inexperienced public speakers
  • 40 students in pairs spoke for 3 min, switched, then rated how nervous they were/partner appeared
    RESULTS: people rated selves as seeming more nervous BUT partners rated not nervous
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13
Q

self-concept

A

our understanding of who we are

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14
Q

self-schema

A

beliefs by which we define ourselves

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15
Q

social comparisons

A

evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

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16
Q

individualism

A

the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
- Western thinking

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17
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly
- Eastern/Asian thinking

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18
Q

STUDY: Fish bowl - culture & cognition

A
  • when shown underwater study with fish, Americans focus on fish first, Asians more likely to notice the background
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19
Q

planning fallacy

A

tendency to underestimate how long a task will take

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20
Q

impact bias

A

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

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21
Q

dual attitude system

A

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object

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22
Q

terror management theory

A

argues humans must find a way to manage overwhelming fear of death

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23
Q

self-efficacy

A

sense that one is competent and effective
- strong self-efficacy = less anxious & depressed

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24
Q

defensive pessimism

A

anticipating problems, anxiety to motivate

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25
Q

false consensus effect

A

overestimating commonality of one opinion

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26
Q

self-handicapping

A

protecting self through deprecating behaviors

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27
Q

working self concept

A

self schemas presently active in thought/memory

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28
Q

independent (individualistic) emphasis on:

A
  • internal abilities
  • uniqueness/expressing self
  • being direct in communication
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29
Q

interdependent (collectivistic) emphasis on:

A
  • external, public features (status, role, relationship)
  • belong & fitting in
  • occupying status in community
  • indirect in communication
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30
Q

3 Functions of the Self”

A

1) organizational - self concept made of schemas (helps organize)
2) emotional - self helps determine emotional responses
3) executive - self control

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31
Q

looking glass self theory (Cooley 1902)

A

we are who others think we are

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32
Q

social comparison theory (Festinger)

A

we learn about ourselves through comparison to others

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33
Q

self serving bias

A

we pay attention to info consistent with self concept

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34
Q

System 1 (automatic processing)

A

functions automatically, intuition, gut feeling
- also called Automatic Processing

35
Q

System 2 (controlled processing)

A

deliberate, controlled, conscious thinking
- also called controlled processing

36
Q

priming

A

activating particular associations in memory - things we don’t even consciously notice but subtly influence how we recall events

37
Q

embodied cognition

A

mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences & social judgement

38
Q

intuitive judgements

A

our thinking is partly automatic & partly controlled

39
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for information that confirms preconceptions
ex: picking news sources to align with beliefs

40
Q

representative heuristic

A

to judge someone by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation

41
Q

availability heuristic

A

the more easily we recall something, the more likely it is to be true

42
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

imagining alternative scenarios & outcomes that might have happened
EX: bronze medalists exhibit more joy than silver

43
Q

illusory correlation

A

perception of a relationship where in reality there is none

44
Q

STUDY: The Pill Study (Nisbett & Schachter)
-often ignore enviro factors that had big impacts

A
  • students asked to take series of shocks of increasing intensity
  • IV: before, 1/2 students given fake pill they were told would produce anxiety
  • DV: looked at how much shock they would take
    RESULTS: people who took the pill withstood 4x more shock, BUT denied the pill had any impact
45
Q

STUDY: Nisbett & Wilson

A
  • participants watch film & told they will be tested
  • IV: 1/2 participants heard a power saw outside the lab room while watching film
  • DV: participants asked how much they think the noise effected their performance
    RESULT: noise had no real impact on scores but all thought it did
46
Q

2 Factor Theory of Emotion (Schacter)

A

1) experience physiological arousal
2) look to cues in environment to explain arousal

47
Q

STUDY: Shaky Bridge Study (Dutton & Aron)

A

Misattribution of emotion
- all male participants - set at park where attractive woman asks them to fil out a questionnaire
- after the questionnaire, the woman gives her phone # and says to give her a call
- IV: some men meet woman ON shaky bridge others cross bridge & meet 10 min after crossing
-DV: what # of men call her and ask her out
RESULT: 60% men from bridge called / 30% off bridge called

48
Q

self presentation

A

attempt to present selves as who we want people to believe we are through words, behavior and actions

49
Q

impression management

A

conscious/unconscious orchestration of presentation to fit social goals

50
Q

belief perserverance

A

persistence of initial conceptions, even when discredited

51
Q

misinformation effect

A

people incorporate misinformation into memory of the event after witnessing it

52
Q

attribution theory

A

how we explain others behavior/ what we infer from it
ex: internal or external causes

53
Q

dispositional attribution

A

attributing behavior to the persons disposition and traits

54
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model

A
  • explains if people decide to make internal or external variation
    1) consensus - how is everyone responding to stimuli
    2) distinctiveness - how one actor behaves
    3) consistency - behavior between actor & stimuli is consistent
55
Q

internal attribution

A

WHY is about the other persons actions (dispositional)

56
Q

external attribution

A

WHY is about environment (situational)

57
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overestimate extent people’s behavior is because of internal factors & underestimate situational factors

58
Q

STUDY: Castro Study (Jones & Harris)

A
  • students asked to read an essay from a student - essay either for or against Castro’s rule & students asked to guess how author feels about Castro
  • condition 1: author given free choice to right for/against
  • condition 2: author told to write for or against
    IV: what students were told about conditions of paper
    DV: how much do you believe that author does/doesn’t support Castro
    RESULTS: found similar results whether told author had/didn’t have a choice
59
Q

STUDY: Fiske & Taylor

A
  • actor A & B have scripted conversation with 50/50 talking
  • observers sat in chairs at different angles & asked how much they thought each actor spoke
    RESULT: observers facing both said 50/50 BUT those facing A OR B said actor they were facing as having spoken more
60
Q

ABCs of Attitude

A

Affect (feelings)
Behavior tendency
Cognition (thoughts)

61
Q

Alan Wicker

A

studied variety of people & found people expressed attitude HARDLY predicted behavior

62
Q

when attitudes predict behavior:

A
  • minimal other influences on what we say/do
  • attitude is specific to the behavior
  • when attitude is potent
63
Q

implicit-association test (IAD)

A

used to measure implicit attitudes
- uses reaction times to measure speed people associate concepts

64
Q

STUDY: Stanford Prison Study (Zimbardo)

A
  • question of is prison brutality b/c of prisoners or role of guards?
  • college men volunteered to stay in simulated prison - 1/2 guards & 1/2 prisoners
  • had to stop after 6 days b/c students fell so heavily into roles
65
Q

STUDY: Killing Begets Killing (Andy Martens)

A
  • would killing a few bugs increase a students willingness to kill bugs after trial?
  • those who thought they killed bugs killed more bugs during time period after study
66
Q

self presentation

A

impression management - caring what others think

67
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

tension arises when two of our thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent

68
Q

selective exposure

A

tendency to seek information & media that agrees with one’s views & beliefs

69
Q

insufficient justification

A

relieving dissonance by internally justifying behavior when external doesn’t

70
Q

self-perception theory

A

looking at our behavior as someone else might when we’re unsure of our attitudes

71
Q

over-justification effect

A

result of bribing people to do what they already doing - takes away the enjoyment

72
Q

STUDY: Thin slices of behavior (Ambady & Rosenthal)

A
  • gave students 30 sec SILENT clips of professor’s lectures & had them rate the professors personal qualities (enthusiastic, teaching ability, etc)
  • reliable ratings (consensus)
  • rating were significant predictors of end-of-term evals
  • rating still accurate when clips shortened as much as 5 seconds
73
Q

verbal communication channels

A
  • verbal
  • paralinguistic (tone)
  • nonverbal (body language)
74
Q

visible communication channels

A
  • facial expressions
  • eye contact
  • body language/gestures
75
Q

STUDY: South Fore People (Ekman & Friesen)

A
  • South Fore: preliterate tribe with no western contact
  • told Fore brief stories with emotional content then showed pictures of americans expressing the 6 emotions all know - asked to match expressions to stories
  • Fore asked to demonstrate expressions that match emotional stories - brought to americans who accurately decoded emotions
76
Q

6 Universal Emotions

A
  • anger
    -sadness
  • fear
  • disgust
  • surprise
  • happiness
77
Q

STUDY: Late Bloomer Study (Rosenthal & Jacobson)

A

self fulfilling beliefs
- students given placement tests with false results reported
- teachers told 1/2 randomly selected would be ‘bloomers’
- observed class dynamics & tested kids at end of year
RESULT: ‘bloomers’ bloomed

78
Q

Rosenthal 4 Factor Theory - Bloomer Study

A

1) climate - warmer to bloomers
2) input - more attention on bloomers
3) output - bloomers given more opportunities
4) feedback - bloomers given more informative feedback

79
Q

STUDY: Attitudes/Behavior Inconsistency (LaPiere)

A
  • early 1930s LaPiere went on cross country trip with Chinese couple (Chinese prejudice common at time)
  • went to 251 establishments, only 1 refused them service
  • after trip - wrote each business asking if they would serve Chinese guests - of responses, 1 said they would provide service (90% would not)
80
Q

STUDY: Woodzicka & LaFrance (2001)

A
  • looked at anticipated vs actual responses to gender harassment
81
Q

Affective forecasting

A

predicting specific emotion/durability of future

82
Q

Dual Attitude System

A
  • controlled/explicit (System 2)
  • automatic/implicit (System 1)
83
Q

Study: Fazio

A
  • had people rate feelings toward different candy bars
  • attitude based on reaction time

social psychology (3 decks)

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