Test 2 - Chapters 4 & 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

stages of prenatal development

A
  1. Physical
  2. Socio-emotional
  3. Cognitive
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2
Q

The period in prenatal development from conception to 2 weeks after fertilization of the egg, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.

A

germinal period

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3
Q

The period in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the ______.

A

embryonic period

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4
Q

The period in prenatal development from 8 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.

A

fetal period

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5
Q

Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development

A

teratogens

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6
Q

Prenatal mercury exposure causes…

A

mental retardation and blindness

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7
Q

Harry Harlow’s research

A

Infant monkeys will prefer and form an attachment to a surrogate mother that provides comfort over a wire surrogate mother that provides milk. Harlow’s findings showed that comforting touch is critical in the socio-emotional development of infants.

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8
Q

Change in any domain (physical, socio-emotional, or cognitive) takes place through complex interactions between the person’s biology, the person’s active exploration of an environment, and the constant feedback provided within the person’s cultural context

A

Dynamic Systems Perspective

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9
Q

“we change how we think as we form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how the world works”

A

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

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10
Q

The attachment style for most infants, who are confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress.

A

secure attachment

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11
Q

The attachment style for infants who are somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment, but seem to have little interest in the caregiver—they do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns.

A

avoidant attachment

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12
Q

The attachment style for infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver—they cry when the caregiver leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the caregiver upon his or her return.

A

ambivalent attachment

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13
Q

a baby turning it’s head in anticipation of food after having the corner of its mouth stroked is an example of…

A

rooting reflex

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14
Q

if the baby finds a nipple where it has turned it will begin to close its mouth on the nipple and suck. this is an example of…

A

sucking reflex

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15
Q

if you stroke an infant’s palm, he automatically curls his fingers around the stroked area. this is an example of…

A

grasping reflex

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16
Q

The process we use to incorporate new information into existing frameworks for knowledge.

A

Assimilation

17
Q

The process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

A

Accommodation

18
Q

The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills

A

Sensorimotor stage

19
Q

The second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.

A

Preoperational stage

20
Q

The third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances.

A

Concrete Operational stage

21
Q

The final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic.

A

Formal Operational stage

22
Q

The fifth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which adolescents face the challenge of figuring out who they are.

A

Identity versus role confusion

23
Q

The physical changes in the body that are a part of sexual development.

A

puberty

24
Q

Earliest level of moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral. (Punish/reward)

A

Preconventional level

25
Q

Middle level of moral development; at this level, societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral. (good boy/girl. Authority orientation)

A

Conventional level

26
Q

Highest level of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life. (social contract)

A

Postconventional level

27
Q

mental effects of stagnation…

A

feeling that life is going nowhere or that we are very materialistic and self-centered. less positive look on life.

28
Q

Severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain.

A

dementia

29
Q

Sixth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which young adults face the challenge of forming committed long-term friendships and romances.

A

intimacy vs. isolation

30
Q

Eighth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which older adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom.

A

integrity vs. despair

31
Q

practices that promote health by age 70

A

Engaging in activities that stimulate the brain (doing crossword puzzles) and the body (swimming and walking) is associated with staying healthy and happy for as long as possible.

32
Q

Factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain behavior.

A

motivation

33
Q

it stimulates us to do something

A

activating

34
Q

it guides our behaviors toward meeting specific goals or needs

A

directive

35
Q

it helps us sustain behaviors until we achieve our goals or satisfy our needs

A

sustaining

36
Q

will differ in strength depending on the person and the situation. ____ states are directive, meaning that they help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.

A

motivating

37
Q

Tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium. The purpose of ______ is to stabilize conditions in the body.

A

homeostasis

38
Q

A critique of _______ is that self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs