Test 2 - Chapters 4 & 9 Flashcards
stages of prenatal development
- Physical
- Socio-emotional
- Cognitive
The period in prenatal development from conception to 2 weeks after fertilization of the egg, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.
germinal period
The period in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the ______.
embryonic period
The period in prenatal development from 8 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.
fetal period
Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development
teratogens
Prenatal mercury exposure causes…
mental retardation and blindness
Harry Harlow’s research
Infant monkeys will prefer and form an attachment to a surrogate mother that provides comfort over a wire surrogate mother that provides milk. Harlow’s findings showed that comforting touch is critical in the socio-emotional development of infants.
Change in any domain (physical, socio-emotional, or cognitive) takes place through complex interactions between the person’s biology, the person’s active exploration of an environment, and the constant feedback provided within the person’s cultural context
Dynamic Systems Perspective
“we change how we think as we form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how the world works”
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
The attachment style for most infants, who are confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and are readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress.
secure attachment
The attachment style for infants who are somewhat willing to explore an unfamiliar environment, but seem to have little interest in the caregiver—they do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns.
avoidant attachment
The attachment style for infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar environment but seem to have mixed feelings about the caregiver—they cry when the caregiver leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the caregiver upon his or her return.
ambivalent attachment
a baby turning it’s head in anticipation of food after having the corner of its mouth stroked is an example of…
rooting reflex
if the baby finds a nipple where it has turned it will begin to close its mouth on the nipple and suck. this is an example of…
sucking reflex
if you stroke an infant’s palm, he automatically curls his fingers around the stroked area. this is an example of…
grasping reflex
The process we use to incorporate new information into existing frameworks for knowledge.
Assimilation
The process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.
Accommodation
The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills
Sensorimotor stage
The second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.
Preoperational stage
The third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children begin to think about and understand logical operations, and they are no longer fooled by appearances.
Concrete Operational stage
The final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; during this stage, people can think abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses through logic.
Formal Operational stage
The fifth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which adolescents face the challenge of figuring out who they are.
Identity versus role confusion
The physical changes in the body that are a part of sexual development.
puberty
Earliest level of moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral. (Punish/reward)
Preconventional level
Middle level of moral development; at this level, societal laws and the approval of others determine what is moral. (good boy/girl. Authority orientation)
Conventional level
Highest level of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life. (social contract)
Postconventional level
mental effects of stagnation…
feeling that life is going nowhere or that we are very materialistic and self-centered. less positive look on life.
Severe impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to damage to the brain.
dementia
Sixth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which young adults face the challenge of forming committed long-term friendships and romances.
intimacy vs. isolation
Eighth stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, in which older adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that they have lived a good life and developed wisdom.
integrity vs. despair
practices that promote health by age 70
Engaging in activities that stimulate the brain (doing crossword puzzles) and the body (swimming and walking) is associated with staying healthy and happy for as long as possible.
Factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain behavior.
motivation
it stimulates us to do something
activating
it guides our behaviors toward meeting specific goals or needs
directive
it helps us sustain behaviors until we achieve our goals or satisfy our needs
sustaining
will differ in strength depending on the person and the situation. ____ states are directive, meaning that they help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.
motivating
Tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium. The purpose of ______ is to stabilize conditions in the body.
homeostasis
A critique of _______ is that self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
