Test 2 (Chapter 17)

Question 1

adaptations plants needed to survive on land

Answer 1

Water conservation (waxy cuticle and cells that regulate opening and closing of stoma), support mechanisms (lignin), changed fertilization strategy (land plants needed to keep their gametes and developing embryos from drying out in the air)

Question 2

Apical meristems

Answer 2

A growth-producing region of cell division, found near the tips of stems and roots

Question 3

Vascular tissue

Answer 3

A network of thick-walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body

Question 4

Xylem

Answer 4

a type of vascular tissue, includes dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from the roots

Question 5

Phloem

Answer 5

a type of vascular tissue, consists entirely of living cells and distributes sugars throughout the plant

Question 6

sequence of the evolution of plants, from earliest to most recent

Answer 6

bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Question 7

Bryophytes

Answer 7

• first land plants, originated 470 mya
• seedless, nonvascular plants (such as mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
• have apical meristems and embryos on parent plant, but lack true roots and leaves
• lack of lignified cell walls (cause upright growing bryophytes to lack support, limits height)
• haploid gametophyte dominant

Question 8

Seedless vascular plants

Answer 8

• originated 425 mya
• developed lignin-hardened vascular tissue provided support and allowed these plants to stand upright and grow tall
• Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
• Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
• diploid sporophyte dominant

Question 9

Gymnosperms

Answer 9

• earliest seed plants (originated 360 mya)
• seeds are “naked” because they are not produced in specialized chambers
• water needed for fertilization
• largest clade is conifers (pine, spruce, and fir trees)

Question 10

Angiosperms

Answer 10

• seed plants, earliest flowering plants (originated 140 mya)
• seeds are produced in protected chambers (the flower)
• Corn, rice, wheat, fleshy fruits such as apples and berries, and many spices are all produced by angiosperms

Question 11

Alternation of generations

Answer 11

• type of life cycle seen in plants

- Diploid sporophytes that produce spores by meiosis alternate with haploid gametophytes that produce gametes by mitosis

Question 12

Parts of a flower

be able to label one

Answer 12

• Receptacle: where various components of the flower are attached
• Sepals: enclose the flower before it opens
• Stamen: consist of filament and anther (sac at the top of the filament and contains male sporangium)
• Carpel: female reproductive structure; includes stigma, style, and ovary (encloses the ovules)

Question 13

Angiosperm life cycle

Answer 13

Study page 355 in text book