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Cardiopulmonary Physiology > Test 2(Ch.4,6,7,9) > Flashcards

Test 2(Ch.4,6,7,9) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PO2 in ambient air at sea level (mmHg)?

A

159 mmHg

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2
Q

Make up of atmospheric gases
• Oxygen
• CO2

A
  1. 9%

0. 03%

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3
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level (mmHg)

A

760 mmHg

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4
Q

The movement of gas from an area of high pressure (concentration) to an area of low pressure (concentration).

A

Pressure gradient

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5
Q

The primary mechanism responsible for moving air in and out of the lungs during ventilation.

A

Pressure gradient

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6
Q

Individual gas partial pressure differences are known as _______ _________.

A

diffusion gradients

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7
Q

Driving force responsible for diffusion.

A

Kinetic energy

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8
Q

What is the Aveolar PO2 (mmHg)?

A

100 mmHg

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9
Q

Why would a condition like emphysema affect gas diffusion at the alveolar capillary interface?

A

Emphysema breaks down walls of adjacent alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, alveoli merge together into large air sacs (bullae)

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10
Q

The transfer of gas across alveolar wall is a function of amount of blood that flows past alveoli means _______ limited.

A

Perfusion limited

In other words…gas diffusion stops because the gas has reached equilibrium and additional blood must enter the alveoli/capillary interface for diffusion to continue

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11
Q

The movement of gas across alveolar wall function of integrity of AC-membrane itself means _______ limited.

A

Diffusion limited

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12
Q

Measures the amount of CO that moves across the AC-membrane into the blood in a given time.

A

DLco Test

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13
Q

5 Respiratory disorders that cause AC-membrane thickness to increase

A

Pulmonary edema
Pneumonia
Interstitial lung diseases
E.g., scleroderma sarcoidosis, Goodpasture’s syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
RDS in newborn infants

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14
Q

Classic pulmonary function diagnostic test that verifies patient has emphysema

A

Decreased DLCO

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15
Q

Oxygen is carried in blood in two forms:

A

Dissolved oxygen in blood plasma

Chemically bound to hemoglobin (Hb) that is encased in erythrocytes or RBCs

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16
Q

Each RBC contains approximately ___ million Hb molecules

A

280

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17
Q

Hemoglobin bound with oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

Also known as deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin not bound with oxygen

A

Reduced hemoglobin

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19
Q

Normal adult male Hb value

Normal adult female Hb value:

A

14-16 g percent

12-15 g percent

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20
Q

6 Factors that Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve

A 
pH
Temperature
Carbon dioxide
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
Fetal hemoglobin
Carbon monoxide hemoglobin
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21
Q

When curve shifts to right, P50 ________

When curve shifts to left, P50 ________

A

increases

decreases

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22
Q

Primary way CO2 is transported in blood

A

Bicarbonate

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23
Q

Term that refers to low PaO2 in blood

A

Hypoxemia

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24
Q

normal resting VO2 is __L

A

5

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25
The PCO2 of ______ blood is 46 mmHG when it leaves the capillary bed.
venous
26
Occurs approximately same time as VTH.
Lactate threshold
27
Chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic arch
Peripheral
28
Common cause of acute ventilatory failure
head trauma
29
Lung disease that destroys the alveolar capillary interface
Emphysema
30
When someone hypoventilates for a long time (COPD), the renal system will ______ HCO3 in an effort to ______ pH.
retain | raise
31
VRG fire neurons for ______ and _______.
Inspiration and expiration
32
An aspirin overdose can cause _____ ______.
metabolic acidosis
33
the ventilatory threshold reflects a higher level of expired ___ than ___ during an exercise test.
CO2 | O2
34
Occurs at 4 mmol of lactate during an exercise test
OBLA (Onset of blood lactate accumulation)
35
A build up of fixed acids would result in ______ ______.
metabolic acidosis
36
The hering-bruer reflex protects against _____ _________ of lungs.
over inflation
37
Chemoreceptors in contact with CSF.
Central
38
A low pH in the blood will stimulate ventilation to ________.
increase
39
Term refers to shifting the oxyhemoglobin curve down and to the right.
Bohr effect
40
A high pH in the blood will cause ventilation to _______.
decrease
41
_______ limited refers to an issue with blood flow providing fresh oxygenated blood.
Perfusion
42
The PO2 of ______ is 100mmHg when it leaves the left ventricle.
arterial
43
When the pH of the blood becomes more ______ the oxyhemoglobin curve will shift down and to the right.
acidic
44
Describes the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed-venous blood
The a-vO2 difference
45
During maximum exercise ________ releases a considerable quantity of its “reserve” oxygen from blood that perfuses active tissues
hemoglobin
46
Exercise, seizures, shivering, decreased CO, hyperthermia all _______ a-vO2 difference
Increase
47
Increased CO, skeletal muscle relaxation, peripheral shunting, hypothermia all ________ a-vO2 difference.
Decrease
48
Q x (a-v)O2 difference =_____
VO2
49
Inadequate level of tissue oxygenation.
Hypoxia
50
Normal PaO2 is __-__.
80-100
51
4 types of Hypoxia
Hypoxic Anemic Circulatory Histotoxic
52
3 ways CO2 is transported
Carbmino compound Bicarbonate Dissolved CO2
53
Normal hematocrit percent in men and women.
45 and 42
54
Normal arterial pH range
7.34-7.45
55
Alkalosis is when blood pH is _____ than 7.45 and acidosis is when blood pH is _____ than 7.35.
greater | less
56
Respiratory system increases or decreases breathing depth and rate to offset ______ or _______, respectively.
acidosis | alkalosis
57
Respiratory acidosis is often associated with Acute __________ ___________.
ventilatory failure
58
COPD, drug overdose, general anesthesia, head trauma, and neurological disorders can all cause _____ ______ ______.
Acute ventilatory failure
59
4 Common causes for acute alveolar hyperventilation
Hypoxia Pain, anxiety, fever Brain inflammation Stimulant Drugs
60
If someone hyperventilates for an extended period of time, what will the renal system do to compensate?
Excretes excess HCO3 to lower pH
61
Kidneys can't overcompensate for abnormal pH unless the patient has chronic ________ or chronic ________ .
emphysema | bronchitis
62
When reported pH and HCO3– levels are both lower than expected for normal PCO2 level it is ______ acidosis.
metabolic
63
4 Common Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
Lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis aka fixed acids Aspirin overdose Renal Failure Uncontrolled diarrhea
64
Under normal conditions, immediate compensatory response to metabolic acidosis is increased _______ rate
ventilatory
65
7 Common Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
Hypokalemia Hypochloremia Gastric suctioning or vomiting Excessive administration of corticosteroids Excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate Diuretic therapy Hypovolemia
66
The VRG and DRG coordinate the rythmicity of _______. | They are both located on the _______.
respiration | medulla oblongata
67
Breathing completely stops when certain ____ neurons are suppressed E.g., overdose of morphine or alcohol Anesthesia
VRG
68
Most powerful stimulus known to influence medullary respiratory centers is excess concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in _______ ______.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
69
______ chemoreceptors regulate ventilation through the indirect effects of CO2 on the pH of the CSF.
Central
70
________ Chemoreceptors are special oxygen-sensitive cells that react to reductions of oxygen levels in arterial blood Located high in neck at bifurcation of internal and external carotid arteries and on aortic arch
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
71
When the peripheral chemoreceptors do sense this change, they send a _______ signal to the respiratory controls in the medulla. In turn, the respiratory controls send a ___________ signal to the respiratory muscles to bring about a change.
afferent | efferent
72
Patients with end stage emphysema often have chronically high PaCO2 levels..in this case what is likely the primary control of ventilation and why is this?
Peripheral chemoreceptors | Because of enhancement of the sensitivity, and inactivity of H+ sensitivity.
73
What 5 other factors also stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors?
``` Decreased pH level Hypoperfusion (stagnant hypoxia) Increased temperature Nicotine Direct effect of PaCO2 ```
74
At rest the __________ state of the blood primary governs respiration.
chemical
75
During exercise __________ __________ mechanism solely accounts for respiration.
no single
76
What are the two neurogenic factors associated with ventilatory control during exercise?
Cortical influence | Peripheral influence
77
Describes the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption. 25 L for healthy young adults during submaximal exercise up to ~55% of V˙O2max
Ventilatory Equivalent
78
VT predicts LT from the V·E response during graded _______.
exercise
79
Aerobic training produces considerably less adaptation in _______ structure and function than in cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations
pulmonary
80
A visual symptom that patients with obstructive lung disease often display is ________ ________.
digital clubbing
81
PO2 on the venous side is _______ and PCO2 is _________
40 mmHg and 46mmHg
82
The term _______ _______ refers to How fresh oxygenated blood will not perfuse the tissues in a state of stagnant blood flow.
perfusion limited
83
The PaO2 as we enter the arterial side is ___________ and the PaCO2 is __________
100 mmHg and 40 mmHg
84
Why does PaO2 decrease from the arterial to the venous side? O2 is being offloaded to ___________ at the capillary bed
myoglobin
85
Why does myoglobin accept oxygen at the capillary bed where PO2 drops? Myoglobin has a higher binding _______ for O2 at a lower PO2
affinity
86
A person with congestive heart failure may have issues with _______ hypoxia.
circulatory
87
Why would anemia affect our ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues? Oxygen has trouble binding to ________.
hemoglobin
88
Which system has the fastest response time to a change in pH?
respiratory system
89
The major buffering system in our blood is ________.
bicarbonate

Cardiopulmonary Physiology (4 decks)

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