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Cardiopulmonary Physiology > Test 2(Ch.4,6,7,9) > Flashcards

Test 2(Ch.4,6,7,9) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PO2 in ambient air at sea level (mmHg)?

A

159 mmHg

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2
Q

Make up of atmospheric gases
• Oxygen
• CO2

A
  1. 9%

0. 03%

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3
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level (mmHg)

A

760 mmHg

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4
Q

The movement of gas from an area of high pressure (concentration) to an area of low pressure (concentration).

A

Pressure gradient

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5
Q

The primary mechanism responsible for moving air in and out of the lungs during ventilation.

A

Pressure gradient

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6
Q

Individual gas partial pressure differences are known as _______ _________.

A

diffusion gradients

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7
Q

Driving force responsible for diffusion.

A

Kinetic energy

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8
Q

What is the Aveolar PO2 (mmHg)?

A

100 mmHg

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9
Q

Why would a condition like emphysema affect gas diffusion at the alveolar capillary interface?

A

Emphysema breaks down walls of adjacent alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, alveoli merge together into large air sacs (bullae)

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10
Q

The transfer of gas across alveolar wall is a function of amount of blood that flows past alveoli means _______ limited.

A

Perfusion limited

In other words…gas diffusion stops because the gas has reached equilibrium and additional blood must enter the alveoli/capillary interface for diffusion to continue

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11
Q

The movement of gas across alveolar wall function of integrity of AC-membrane itself means _______ limited.

A

Diffusion limited

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12
Q

Measures the amount of CO that moves across the AC-membrane into the blood in a given time.

A

DLco Test

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13
Q

5 Respiratory disorders that cause AC-membrane thickness to increase

A

Pulmonary edema
Pneumonia
Interstitial lung diseases
E.g., scleroderma sarcoidosis, Goodpasture’s syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
RDS in newborn infants

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14
Q

Classic pulmonary function diagnostic test that verifies patient has emphysema

A

Decreased DLCO

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15
Q

Oxygen is carried in blood in two forms:

A

Dissolved oxygen in blood plasma

Chemically bound to hemoglobin (Hb) that is encased in erythrocytes or RBCs

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16
Q

Each RBC contains approximately ___ million Hb molecules

A

280

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17
Q

Hemoglobin bound with oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

Also known as deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin not bound with oxygen

A

Reduced hemoglobin

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19
Q

Normal adult male Hb value

Normal adult female Hb value:

A

14-16 g percent

12-15 g percent

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20
Q

6 Factors that Shift Oxygen Dissociation Curve

A 
pH
Temperature
Carbon dioxide
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
Fetal hemoglobin
Carbon monoxide hemoglobin
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21
Q

When curve shifts to right, P50 ________

When curve shifts to left, P50 ________

A

increases

decreases

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22
Q

Primary way CO2 is transported in blood

A

Bicarbonate

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23
Q

Term that refers to low PaO2 in blood

A

Hypoxemia

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24
Q

normal resting VO2 is __L

A

5

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25
Q

The PCO2 of ______ blood is 46 mmHG when it leaves the capillary bed.

A

venous

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26
Q

Occurs approximately same time as VTH.

A

Lactate threshold

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27
Q

Chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic arch

A

Peripheral

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28
Q

Common cause of acute ventilatory failure

A

head trauma

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29
Q

Lung disease that destroys the alveolar capillary interface

A

Emphysema

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30
Q

When someone hypoventilates for a long time (COPD), the renal system will ______ HCO3 in an effort to ______ pH.

A

retain

raise

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31
Q

VRG fire neurons for ______ and _______.

A

Inspiration and expiration

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32
Q

An aspirin overdose can cause _____ ______.

A

metabolic acidosis

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33
Q

the ventilatory threshold reflects a higher level of expired ___ than ___ during an exercise test.

A

CO2

O2

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34
Q

Occurs at 4 mmol of lactate during an exercise test

A

OBLA (Onset of blood lactate accumulation)

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35
Q

A build up of fixed acids would result in ______ ______.

A

metabolic acidosis

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36
Q

The hering-bruer reflex protects against _____ _________ of lungs.

A

over inflation

37
Q

Chemoreceptors in contact with CSF.

A

Central

38
Q

A low pH in the blood will stimulate ventilation to ________.

A

increase

39
Q

Term refers to shifting the oxyhemoglobin curve down and to the right.

A

Bohr effect

40
Q

A high pH in the blood will cause ventilation to _______.

A

decrease

41
Q

_______ limited refers to an issue with blood flow providing fresh oxygenated blood.

A

Perfusion

42
Q

The PO2 of ______ is 100mmHg when it leaves the left ventricle.

A

arterial

43
Q

When the pH of the blood becomes more ______ the oxyhemoglobin curve will shift down and to the right.

A

acidic

44
Q

Describes the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed-venous blood

A

The a-vO2 difference

45
Q

During maximum exercise ________ releases a considerable quantity of its “reserve” oxygen from blood that perfuses active tissues

A

hemoglobin

46
Q

Exercise, seizures, shivering, decreased CO, hyperthermia all _______ a-vO2 difference

A

Increase

47
Q

Increased CO, skeletal muscle relaxation, peripheral shunting, hypothermia all ________ a-vO2 difference.

A

Decrease

48
Q

Q x (a-v)O2 difference =_____

A

VO2

49
Q

Inadequate level of tissue oxygenation.

A

Hypoxia

50
Q

Normal PaO2 is __-__.

A

80-100

51
Q

4 types of Hypoxia

A

Hypoxic
Anemic
Circulatory
Histotoxic

52
Q

3 ways CO2 is transported

A

Carbmino compound
Bicarbonate
Dissolved CO2

53
Q

Normal hematocrit percent in men and women.

A

45 and 42

54
Q

Normal arterial pH range

A

7.34-7.45

55
Q

Alkalosis is when blood pH is _____ than 7.45 and acidosis is when blood pH is _____ than 7.35.

A

greater

less

56
Q

Respiratory system increases or decreases breathing depth and rate to offset ______ or _______, respectively.

A

acidosis

alkalosis

57
Q

Respiratory acidosis is often associated with Acute __________ ___________.

A

ventilatory failure

58
Q

COPD, drug overdose, general anesthesia, head trauma, and neurological disorders can all cause _____ ______ ______.

A

Acute ventilatory failure

59
Q

4 Common causes for acute alveolar hyperventilation

A

Hypoxia
Pain, anxiety, fever
Brain inflammation
Stimulant Drugs

60
Q

If someone hyperventilates for an extended period of time, what will the renal system do to compensate?

A

Excretes excess HCO3 to lower pH

61
Q

Kidneys can’t overcompensate for abnormal pH unless the patient has chronic ________ or chronic ________ .

A

emphysema

bronchitis

62
Q

When reported pH and HCO3– levels are both lower than expected for normal PCO2 level it is ______ acidosis.

A

metabolic

63
Q

4 Common Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

A

Lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis aka fixed acids
Aspirin overdose
Renal Failure
Uncontrolled diarrhea

64
Q

Under normal conditions, immediate compensatory response to metabolic acidosis is increased _______ rate

A

ventilatory

65
Q

7 Common Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Hypokalemia
Hypochloremia
Gastric suctioning or vomiting
Excessive administration of corticosteroids
Excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate
Diuretic therapy
Hypovolemia

66
Q

The VRG and DRG coordinate the rythmicity of _______.

They are both located on the _______.

A

respiration

medulla oblongata

67
Q

Breathing completely stops when certain ____ neurons are suppressed
E.g., overdose of morphine or alcohol
Anesthesia

A

VRG

68
Q

Most powerful stimulus known to influence medullary respiratory centers is excess concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in _______ ______.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

69
Q

______ chemoreceptors regulate ventilation through the indirect effects of CO2 on the pH of the CSF.

A

Central

70
Q

________ Chemoreceptors are special oxygen-sensitive cells that react to reductions of oxygen levels in arterial blood
Located high in neck at bifurcation of internal and external carotid arteries and on aortic arch

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

71
Q

When the peripheral chemoreceptors do sense this change, they send a _______ signal to the respiratory controls in the medulla. In turn, the respiratory controls send a ___________ signal to the respiratory muscles to bring about a change.

A

afferent

efferent

72
Q

Patients with end stage emphysema often have chronically high PaCO2 levels..in this case what is likely the primary control of ventilation and why is this?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Because of enhancement of the sensitivity, and inactivity of H+ sensitivity.

73
Q

What 5 other factors also stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors?

A 
Decreased pH level
Hypoperfusion  (stagnant hypoxia)
Increased temperature
Nicotine
Direct effect of PaCO2
74
Q

At rest the __________ state of the blood primary governs respiration.

A

chemical

75
Q

During exercise __________ __________ mechanism solely accounts for respiration.

A

no single

76
Q

What are the two neurogenic factors associated with ventilatory control during exercise?

A

Cortical influence

Peripheral influence

77
Q

Describes the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption.
25 L for healthy young adults during submaximal exercise up to ~55% of V˙O2max

A

Ventilatory Equivalent

78
Q

VT predicts LT from the V·E response during graded _______.

A

exercise

79
Q

Aerobic training produces considerably less adaptation in _______ structure and function than in cardiovascular and neuromuscular adaptations

A

pulmonary

80
Q

A visual symptom that patients with obstructive lung disease often display is ________ ________.

A

digital clubbing

81
Q

PO2 on the venous side is _______ and PCO2 is _________

A

40 mmHg and 46mmHg

82
Q

The term _______ _______ refers to How fresh oxygenated blood will not perfuse the tissues in a state of stagnant blood flow.

A

perfusion limited

83
Q

The PaO2 as we enter the arterial side is ___________ and the PaCO2 is __________

A

100 mmHg and 40 mmHg

84
Q

Why does PaO2 decrease from the arterial to the venous side?

O2 is being offloaded to ___________ at the capillary bed

A

myoglobin

85
Q

Why does myoglobin accept oxygen at the capillary bed where PO2 drops?

Myoglobin has a higher binding _______ for O2 at a lower PO2

A

affinity

86
Q

A person with congestive heart failure may have issues with _______ hypoxia.

A

circulatory

87
Q

Why would anemia affect our ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues?

Oxygen has trouble binding to ________.

A

hemoglobin

88
Q

Which system has the fastest response time to a change in pH?

A

respiratory system

89
Q

The major buffering system in our blood is ________.

A

bicarbonate

Cardiopulmonary Physiology (4 decks)

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