Test 2 (CH10-Metabolism)

Question 1

Metabolism -> central of all life components:
(1) Organisms must obtain energy throught_____
(2) Energy is stored as ____
(3) Oxidation reaction occurs in ____
(4) chemical reaction occurs in a _______
(5) ____ & ____ are used to speed up the reaction

Answer 1

(1) Organisms must obtain energy through (capture and conserved)
(2) Energy stored as ATP
(3) Oxidation reaction -> occurs in the electron transport chain to conserve energy
(4) chemical reactions occur in a pathway
(5) Metabolism uses enzymes, and ribozymes ->speeds up the reaction

Question 2

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

Entropy (heat always moves from a hotter object to a colder object unless energy is supplied to reverse

Question 3

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 3

the mechanism to make ATP from ADP

Question 4

Reactions to form ATP

Answer 4

Aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
fermentation
phototrophy
chemolithotrophy

Question 5

The reaction that breaks down ATP

Answer 5

Chemical work
transport work
mechanical work

Question 6

Other sources of energy aside form (ATP)

Answer 6

(1)Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP): Metabolism
(2)Guanosine 5’-Triphosphate (GTP): protein synthesis
(3) Cytidine 5’-triphosphate (CTP): lipid synthesis
(4) Uridine 5’ triphosphate (UTP): synthesis of peptidoglycan & other polysaccharides

Question 7

What is a redox reaction:

More e- = ______

Acceptor has ____ energy, while donors has ____ energy

Answer 7

electron donor –> electron acceptor

(the donor stores less energy while the acceptor has more energy)

Therefore: glucose can donate 24e- –> it has alot of energy

Question 8

Standard reduction potential:

Answer 8

it’s the equilibrium constant for a redox half reaction to happen

(people calculate this by measuring the tendency of the donor to lose an e-

Question 9

ETC
what is the pathway of obtaining energy?

Answer 9

Electron transport chain

e- from glucose are accepted by NAD+ –> NADH –> move through ETC –> O2

Question 10

ETC creates a _________ beccause

Answer 10

ECT creates an electrochemical gradient since the “first chain” has the most negative (Eo) than the next carrier.

The e- is transferred spontaneously until O2 since it is the terminal elctron acceptor

Question 10

ETC creates a _________ beccause

Answer 10

ECT creates an electrochemical gradient since the “first chain” has the most negative (Eo) than the next carrier.

The e- is transferred spontaneously until O2 since it is the terminal elctron acceptor

Question 10

ETC creates a _________ because it has a slightly less (STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIAL)

Answer 10

ECT creates an electrochemical gradient since the “first chain” has the most negative (Eo) than the next carrier.

The e- is transferred spontaneously until O2 since it is the terminal electron acceptor

In an ETC, the 2nd chain has slightly less standard reduction potential so e- can move smoothly from High to low. O2 has the highest standard potential -meaning- high likely wants an e- at the end of the chain.

Question 11

Standard reduction potential

Answer 11

It is the ability to accept /donate an e-

Question 12

Metabolites

Answer 12

Products of the chemical reactions

Question 13

metabolic flux

Answer 13

the rate of turnover of a metabolite
the rate of an intermediate is used and formed
It is a pathway of metabolites circling the microgorganism.

Question 14

Enzymes and ribozymes

Answer 14

Enzymes speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy

how?
It is by collectively connecting substrates together in an (active catalytic site) to form an enzyme-substate complex

RNA also catalyze the reaction

Question 15

Enzyme Denaturation

Answer 15

Enzyme inhibitors –> used to compete with the substrate and therefore NOT making a product of the reaction

Noncompetitive –> altering the enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location that is not the active site (blocking the reaction) HOWEVER substrate can still bind to the enzyme –> just not reaction will occur