Test 1(CH3)

Question 1

two most common shapes of Bacteria

Answer 1

Cocci and rods
-cocci are circles
-rods are like small spaghettis

Question 2

Cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is consist of a single ________ layer of _____

Answer 2

20-80 nm thick layer of peptidoglycan (murein)

Question 3

Cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria has 2 layers: _____ & ________

Answer 3

2-7nm peptidoglycan layer & covered by 12-14 nm thick outer membrane

Question 4

space between plasma membrane and the outer membrane is called ______

Answer 4

periplasmic space

Question 5

Feature of all bacterial cells on their cell wall is _________, also called as _________

Answer 5

peptidoglycan , as peptidoglycan sacculus

Question 6

2 different cross-links structure of a petidoglycan sacculus

Answer 6

Direct & indirect

Question 7

Direct crossed0link P sacculus is _____

Answer 7

connection of a carboxyl group of an amino acid in one stem petide to the amino group of an amino acid in another stem peptide

Question 8

Most bacteria that stain gram-positive belong to only 2 phyla, _____ & ______

Answer 8

Antinobacteria & firmicutes

Question 9

Most of gram positive’s cell wall bacteria are composed of

Answer 9

Peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

Question 10

Teichoic acids functions:

Answer 10

help creat & maintain the structure of the cell envelope by “anchoring the wall to the plasma membrane “

Question 11

gram negative cells walls on a bacteria has additional layers (Tor F)

Answer 11

T since the peptidoglycan on negative cell wall are very thin because it is also contains an outer membrane. (this outer membrane is also special because _______)

Question 12

the structure of the outer membrane of the the gram negative is special because

Answer 12

the external layer (facing the environment) is comprised of LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. while the inner layer (facing the cell) contains phospholipids

Question 13

Lipopolysaccharides’ (LPS) structure contains Lipid A , inner core, outer core, O-antigen

Answer 13

Lipid A contains 2 glucosamine sugar derivatives (with fatty acids & phosphate attached). Lipid A is responsible for the hydrophobic component

Question 14

LPS Lipopolysaccharides function

Answer 14

(1) contributes to the negative charge on bacteria’s surface since the core polysaccharide contains charged sugars and phosphate
(2)stabilize lipid A
(3) helps create a permeability barrier
(4) protects from pathogenic bacteria (because of O-antigen)
(5) Lipid A portion of LPS can act as a toxin and is called Endotoxin

Question 15

A class of protein called ______ that helps move solutes through the pol outermsmbrane of a negative gram cell wall is

Answer 15

is Porin

Question 16

A process called plasmolysis is

Answer 16

bacteria is in hypertonic solution (less water outside cell) water flows out and cytoplasms shrivels up.

Question 17

If bacteria is in hypertonic soulution

Answer 17

Plasmolysis process will occur and cytoplasm chrivels

Question 18

Lysis is the process

Answer 18

when cel membrane breaks from having too much water going in

Question 19

Treatment of a typical gram positive bacteria with _____ & _____ will result into a complete loss of cell wall. the cell wall will become _______

Answer 19

Lysosome & penicillin. it will become protoplast.

Question 20

Treatment on a negative gram bacteria with ____ & ______. the Peptidoglycan sacculus will be destroyed and will be called _______

Answer 20

Lysosome or penicillin. and will become Spheroplast.

Question 21

Extracellular Vesicle function (that tiny bulge or storage like on the side of the bacteria)

Answer 21

Transfer toxin molecules during infection, transfer genetic material between cells. they carry some ATP

Question 22

Bacteria has a surface covering called ______ , & what is it made of ?

Answer 22

S- Slayer, made of protein like glycoprotein.

Question 23

S- layers has some other functions like

Answer 23

Protecting the cell against ion & pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, or predatory bacteria
It also gives adhesion to surfaces and maintain shape.

Question 24

Why are S-layers important in nanotechnology?

Answer 24

it is because of their ability to self-assemble into an S-layer without any aid.

Question 25

Protoplast is ________ and _____

Answer 25

The plasma membrane and everything inside it

Question 26

Pilis are responsible for attachment into another cell or to solid surfaces & can only be seen by

Answer 26

Electron microscope

Question 27

Type IV pili are involved in _______

Answer 27

motility and two gene transfer mechanism: bacterials transformation & bacterial conjugation

Question 28

Bacteria has around ____ sex pili. They are ___ to other pili

Answer 28

10 sex pilis, larger to other pilis

Question 29

Bacterial Flagella function

Answer 29

Motility

Question 30

Monotrichous bacteria has

Answer 30

only 1 fragellum

Question 31

Amphitrichous has

Answer 31

2 flagellum on both side

Question 32

Lophotrichous bacteria

Answer 32

has a cluster of flagellum on either side of the bacteria

Question 33

Bacteria flagellum is composed of 3 parts :

Answer 33

(1) filament (longest portion)
(2)basal body embedded in the cell envelope

Question 34

Bacteria flagellum is composed of 3 parts :

Answer 34

(1) filament (longest portion)
(2)basal body embedded in the cell envelope
(3) hook- link the filament to its basal body and act as a flexible coupling

Question 35

Gram negative bacteria have _ rings connected to a central rod of the flagellum

Answer 35

4 rings : L, P, MS, and C.
the L, P, MS are embedded in the lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and plasma membrane, respectively and the C ring on the cytoplasmic side of the MS ring

Question 36

Gram positive bacteria only have 2 rings

Answer 36

inner ring connected to the plasma membrane, and outer one attached to the peptidoglycan

Question 37

How does filament grow as a flagellum grow on it’s normal size,

Answer 37

it starts growing from the base and then grows more on the very tip. filament synthesis are self-assembly

Question 38

Bacteria’s movement toward or away chemical stuff is known as

Answer 38

chemotaxis

Question 39

Motile bacteria move in response to environmental cues such as temperature ______, light _____, oxygen ______, osmotic ______ , and magnetic field ________

Answer 39

thermotaxis, phototaxis, aurotaxis, osmotaxis, magnetotaxis

Question 40

how does bacteria move its flagellum to move

Answer 40

counter clockwise to run forward & clockwise to tumble

Question 41

Endospore

Answer 41

dormant cells formed within mother cells, and produced by the phylum Firmicutes

Question 42

What is sporulation

Answer 42

is when bacterial growth slows down due to nutrient limitation (common on soil bacteria)

Question 43

2 main size of bacteria

Answer 43

Cocci, rods

Question 44

less commons ones are

Answer 44

vibrios (comma shaped), spirilla ( rigid spiral-shaped bacteria), spirochetes ( flexible &spiral-shaped bacteria), pleomorphic (lacking a characteristic form)

Question 45

Actinobacteria form long filaments called _____ and then this form a network called a

Answer 45

hyphae , mycelium

Question 46

Why are bacteria so small?

Answer 46

Because o greater surface area to volume ratio

Question 47

what do you call around the cell membrane, capsule, and cell wall of the bacteria?

Answer 47

cell envelope

Question 48

extracellular layers of a bacterial cell according to their relationships. (Capsule - slime layer, S-Layer )

Answer 48

Capsule organize sugar level , Slime layer disorganize sugar level, and S-Layer organize protein layers

Question 49

A bacteria that has single flagella

Answer 49

Monotrichious

Question 50

2 flagellas at the opposing side

Answer 50

Amphitrichous

Question 51

A bunch of flagellas on either end of the bacteria

Answer 51

Liphotrichous

Question 52

Bacteria that has ba bunch of flagellas all over their cell membrane

Answer 52

peritrichous