Test #2 (ch 5-8) Flashcards
Def of Consciousness
Awareness of the external stimuli and our own mental and other internal processes
REM
Rapid eye movement
*dreams occur in REM
Three theories of dreaming
Freud
Activation synthesis
Neurocognitive/Cognitive
Sigmund Freud
Wish fulfillment theory
*Dreams represent unconscious wishes
Hidden, underlying meaning of dreams
Manifest content of dreams
Apparent story line of dreams
Latent content of dreams
Disguised meaning of dreams
*Activation Synthesis theory
The brain produces electrical energy during REM sleep that: stimulates memories
*dreams are the brains way of…
Making sense out of random brain activity
*Neurocognitive
Sorting out our daily experiences
Dreams reflect our every day waking thoughts and emotions
Allows us to process info 24 hours per day and come up with solution to every day problems
Psychoactive drugs
Influence a persona emotions, perceptions, and behavior
Addictive drugs
*alter consciousness
*can be physically and psychologically addicting
*can change your moods
Cause dependence
Withdrawal
Biological addiction
Biological addiction
*symptoms of withdrawal
*difficulty functioning
*change in moods
Hallucinogens
Capable of producing false perceptions
… mushrooms, marijuana, etc.
Stimulants
Increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time
… caffein, cocaine, etc
Depressants
Slow down the activity of the nervous system
… alcohol, etc
Drug dependence
Key principles
tolerance
withdrawal
addiction
physical dependence
psychological dependence
Def of Learning
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Classical and operant conditioning
Def of Classical Conditioning
*associations
Helps to explain *involuntary behavior
Ivan Pavlov
Worked on digestive process of dogs
Developed the principles of *classical conditioning
*Classical Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (a bell) elicits a response after it is:
Paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) that naturally brings about that response
Conditioning humans
John B. Watson and Little Albert
Drug and alcohol use
Operant Conditioning
*Voluntary behaviors
Consequences, rewards, punishments
Who did the operant conditioning with rats?
B.F. Skinner
Def of reinforcement
*increases the frequency of a behavior preceding it
Rewards?
Positive reinforcers
Pleasant stimulus *added that *increases the previous response
…Grades or money
Negative reinforcers
Unpleasant stimulus *removed that *increases the previous response
Not having to do chores
Punishment
*decreases the frequency of a behavior preceding it
Positive punishment
Unpleasant stimulus *added that *decreases previous response
Yelling at daughter because she stole the car
Negative punishment
Pleasant stimulus *removed that *decreases previous response
Taking the car away if home late
Def of Memory
The system by which we *retain info and bring it to mind
The process that we encode, store, and retrieve info
Def of encoding
*the transformation of info from one form to another (transferring info into memory)
Attention. Repetition.
Storage
The retention of info over time
Retrieval
Recovery of stored info when it is needed
Forgetting caused by
stress
interference: other info coming in
Sensory memory
Holds large amount of incoming info for a very short period of time
Operates as a kind of snapshot that stores info for a brief moment in time
Iconic memory
Reflects info from the visual system
Echoing memory
Stores auditory info coming from the ears
Short-term memory
Holds a small amount of info for a limited time
Working memory
Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulates and rehearse info
A combination of short term memory and attention
uses a lot of cognitive resources
stress reduces its effectiveness
Rehearsal
The repetition of info that has entered short-term memory
Aids in the transfer to long term memory
*chunk
Grouping of info that can be stored in shirt-term memory
Long-term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time
Recall
To supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues
Recognition
An ability to correctly identify previously learned info
Decay theory
Gradual fading of memory traces as a function of time
Interference theory
Disruption of memory caused by interference of previously learned material or newly learned material
Trying to learn 2 languages
Retrieval theory
Failure to access material stored in memory because of encoding failure or lack of retrieval cues
Difficulty remembering something you know is stored in your memory
Motivated forgetting
Repression of anxiety provoking material
Can’t remember traumatic childhood experience
Thinking
The process of mentally representing and processing info
Cognition
Processing a mental expression of a problem or situation
Mental images
Representations of sensory experiences that are stored in memory and can be retrieved for use
Concepts
A generalized idea representing a category of related objects or event
Prototype
An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept
Algorithm
A learned set of rules that guarantees the correct solution of a problem
Mechanical solution
A problem solution achieved by trail and error
Heuristic
Any strategy or technique that aids problem solving
Availability heuristic
Predict probability based on ease of recall
Representativeness heuristic
Make judgments based on stereotypes
Fixation
The tendency to repeat wrong solutions as a result to being blind to alternatives
Functional fixedness
Being fixated on usual functions caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects
Drug abuse
Effect daily function
Drug use
Able to function through daily activities
