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Psyc 101 > Test #2 (ch 5-8) > Flashcards

Test #2 (ch 5-8) Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Consciousness

A

Awareness of the external stimuli and our own mental and other internal processes

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2
Q

REM

A

Rapid eye movement
*dreams occur in REM

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3
Q

Three theories of dreaming

A

Freud
Activation synthesis
Neurocognitive/Cognitive

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4
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Wish fulfillment theory
*Dreams represent unconscious wishes
Hidden, underlying meaning of dreams

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5
Q

Manifest content of dreams

A

Apparent story line of dreams

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6
Q

Latent content of dreams

A

Disguised meaning of dreams

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7
Q

*Activation Synthesis theory

A

The brain produces electrical energy during REM sleep that: stimulates memories

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8
Q

*dreams are the brains way of…

A

Making sense out of random brain activity

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9
Q

*Neurocognitive

A

Sorting out our daily experiences
Dreams reflect our every day waking thoughts and emotions
Allows us to process info 24 hours per day and come up with solution to every day problems

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10
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Influence a persona emotions, perceptions, and behavior

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11
Q

Addictive drugs

A

*alter consciousness
*can be physically and psychologically addicting
*can change your moods
Cause dependence
Withdrawal
Biological addiction

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12
Q

Biological addiction

A

*symptoms of withdrawal
*difficulty functioning
*change in moods

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13
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Capable of producing false perceptions
… mushrooms, marijuana, etc.

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14
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time
… caffein, cocaine, etc

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15
Q

Depressants

A

Slow down the activity of the nervous system
… alcohol, etc

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16
Q

Drug dependence

A

Key principles
tolerance
withdrawal
addiction
physical dependence
psychological dependence

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17
Q

Def of Learning

A

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Classical and operant conditioning

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18
Q

Def of Classical Conditioning

A

*associations
Helps to explain *involuntary behavior

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19
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Worked on digestive process of dogs
Developed the principles of *classical conditioning

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20
Q

*Classical Conditioning

A

Neutral Stimulus (a bell) elicits a response after it is:

Paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) that naturally brings about that response

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21
Q

Conditioning humans

A

John B. Watson and Little Albert
Drug and alcohol use

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22
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

*Voluntary behaviors
Consequences, rewards, punishments

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23
Q

Who did the operant conditioning with rats?

A

B.F. Skinner

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24
Q

Def of reinforcement

A

*increases the frequency of a behavior preceding it

Rewards?

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25
Q

Positive reinforcers

A

Pleasant stimulus *added that *increases the previous response

…Grades or money

26
Q

Negative reinforcers

A

Unpleasant stimulus *removed that *increases the previous response

Not having to do chores

27
Q

Punishment

A

*decreases the frequency of a behavior preceding it

28
Q

Positive punishment

A

Unpleasant stimulus *added that *decreases previous response

Yelling at daughter because she stole the car

29
Q

Negative punishment

A

Pleasant stimulus *removed that *decreases previous response

Taking the car away if home late

30
Q

Def of Memory

A

The system by which we *retain info and bring it to mind

The process that we encode, store, and retrieve info

31
Q

Def of encoding

A

*the transformation of info from one form to another (transferring info into memory)

Attention. Repetition.

32
Q

Storage

A

The retention of info over time

33
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovery of stored info when it is needed

Forgetting caused by
stress
interference: other info coming in

34
Q

Sensory memory

A

Holds large amount of incoming info for a very short period of time

Operates as a kind of snapshot that stores info for a brief moment in time

35
Q

Iconic memory

A

Reflects info from the visual system

36
Q

Echoing memory

A

Stores auditory info coming from the ears

37
Q

Short-term memory

A

Holds a small amount of info for a limited time

38
Q

Working memory

A

Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulates and rehearse info

A combination of short term memory and attention
uses a lot of cognitive resources
stress reduces its effectiveness

39
Q

Rehearsal

A

The repetition of info that has entered short-term memory
Aids in the transfer to long term memory

40
Q

*chunk

A

Grouping of info that can be stored in shirt-term memory

41
Q

Long-term memory

A

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time

42
Q

Recall

A

To supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues

43
Q

Recognition

A

An ability to correctly identify previously learned info

44
Q

Decay theory

A

Gradual fading of memory traces as a function of time

45
Q

Interference theory

A

Disruption of memory caused by interference of previously learned material or newly learned material

Trying to learn 2 languages

46
Q

Retrieval theory

A

Failure to access material stored in memory because of encoding failure or lack of retrieval cues

Difficulty remembering something you know is stored in your memory

47
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Repression of anxiety provoking material

Can’t remember traumatic childhood experience

48
Q

Thinking

A

The process of mentally representing and processing info

49
Q

Cognition

A

Processing a mental expression of a problem or situation

50
Q

Mental images

A

Representations of sensory experiences that are stored in memory and can be retrieved for use

51
Q

Concepts

A

A generalized idea representing a category of related objects or event

52
Q

Prototype

A

An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept

53
Q

Algorithm

A

A learned set of rules that guarantees the correct solution of a problem

54
Q

Mechanical solution

A

A problem solution achieved by trail and error

55
Q

Heuristic

A

Any strategy or technique that aids problem solving

56
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Predict probability based on ease of recall

57
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Make judgments based on stereotypes

58
Q

Fixation

A

The tendency to repeat wrong solutions as a result to being blind to alternatives

59
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Being fixated on usual functions caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects

60
Q

Drug abuse

A

Effect daily function

61
Q

Drug use

A

Able to function through daily activities

Psyc 101 (3 decks)

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