Test 2 Ch 5-14 Flashcards
A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.
Axon
A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
Neurotransmitter
The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus.
Sensation
The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation.
Perception
The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.
Motor skill (The word motor refers to movement of the muscles.)
Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.
Gross motor skill (The word gross here means “big.”)
Physical abilities involving small body movements, specially of the hands and fingers such as drawing and picking up a coin.
Fine motor skill (The word fine here means “small.”)
The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.
Wasting
The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.
Stunting
A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses severe weight loss and even death.
Protein-calorie malnutrition
Piaget’s term for the way infants think–by using their senses and motor skills–during the first period of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor intelligence
An infants distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.
Separation anxiety
According to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver–a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
attachment
A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
Secure attachment
A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver as when the infant seems no to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return.
Insecure-avoidant attachment
A pattern of attachment in which an infants anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both rests and seeks contact on reunion.
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
A type of attachment that is marked by an infants inconsistent reactions to the caregivers departure and return.
Disorganized attachment
Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.
Proximal parenting
Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby providing toys, food and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.
Distal parenting
The care of children by people other than their biological parents.
Allocare
A long thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.
Corpus callosum
The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.
Perseveration
A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.
Amygdala
A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.
Hippocampus
Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.
Injury control/ harm reduction
Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstances such as injury, disease or abuse.
Primary prevention
Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian
Secondary prevention
Actions such as immediate and effective medical treatment that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness or injury) and that re aimed at reducing harm or preventing disability.
Tertiary prevention
Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
Child maltreatment
Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional or sexual well-being.
Child abuse
Failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.
Child neglect
Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated and verified.
Substantiated maltreatment
An effort by child welfare authorities to find a long term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school which could be particularly harmful to the child.
Permanency planning
A legal publicly supported system which a maltreated child is removed from the parents custody and entrusted to another adult or family which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child’s needs.
Foster care
A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child usually a grandparent becomes the approved caregiver.
Kinship care
A legal proceeding in which an adult or couple is granted the joys and obligations of being that child’s parents.
Adoption
The belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.
Animism
Piaget’s term for children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
Egocentrism
A drive or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have one’s achievements rewarded from outside, perhaps by receiving material possessions or another persons esteem.
Extrinsic motivation
A persons understanding of who he or she is in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits.
Self-concept
Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing or hitting but in which there is no intent to harm.
Rough-and-tumble play
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct, and little communication from child to parent.
Authoritarian parenting
An approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control. (Also called indulgent parenting.)
Permissive parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible.
Authoritative parenting
An approach to child rearing in which the parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s life.
Neglectful/ Uninvolved parenting
Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person.
Antipathy
Actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.
Antisocial behavior
Behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a privilege.
Instrumental aggression
An impulse retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical.
Reactive aggression
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people.
Relational aggression
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
Bullying aggression
A condition characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors ;ADHD interferes with a person’s functioning or development.
Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.)
Sensory memory
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs.(Also called short-term memory.)
Working memory
A public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it is located.
Charter school
A school funded by tuition charges, endowments and often religious and other nonprofit sponsors.
Private school
The way a family works to meet the needs of its members. Children need families to provide basic material necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships and to foster harmony and stability.
Family function
A family that consists of a father, a mother and their biological children under age 18.
Nuclear family
A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones) secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
Testosterone
