Test 1 Ch 1-4 Flashcards
System of shared beliefs , norms, behaviors and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions.
Culture
- Curiosity
- Hypothesis
- Test
- Analize data and draw conclusions
- Report the results
Scientific method
A general term for the traits capacities and limitations that each individual inherits genetically form his or her parents at the moment of conception.
Nature
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language culture and religion
.Ethnic group
Group of people regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance typically skin color.
Race
A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.
Critical period
A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty. For example, early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning.
Sensitive period
A view of human development as an ongoing ever-changing interaction between the physical cognitive and psychosocial influences. The crucial understanding is that development is never static but is always affected by and affects many systems of development.
Dynamic systems
In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what affect it has on the dependent variable. (Also called experimental variable)
Independent variable
In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.
Dependent variable
A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.
Cross-sectional research
A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.
Longitudinal research
D. cross-sequential research
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A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood, underline human behavior.
Psychoanalytical theory
A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
Behaviorism
The process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.
Conditioning
The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning. (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal to the sound of a tone)
Classical conditioning
Learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or unwanted. (which makes animal or person more likely to repeat the action or makes action less likely to be repeated. ALSO CALLED INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning
The process by which a behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person.
Reinforcement
The central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others and them copies them. ALSO CALLED OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Modeling
The reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into old ideas.
Assimilation
The restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences.
Accommodation
Single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum.
Zygote
Small section of a chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. consists of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins
Gene .
The chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.
DNA
An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.
Genotype
Observable characteristics of a person including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits
Phenotype
Referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes.
Polygenic
The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the begging of cell differentiation
Germinal period.
Stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eight week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop.
Embryonic period
The stage of prenatal development from the ninth weel after conception until birth, during which the fetus gains 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own.
Fetal period
Age at which fetus might survive outside the mothers uterus if specialized medical care is available.
Age of viability
Agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals that can impair prenatal development and can result in birth defects or even death.
Teratogen
Body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds.
Low birth weight
Body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds.
Extremely low birth weight
A disorder that results from damage to the brains motoe centers. (people with cerebral palsy have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and or body movements are impaired)
Cerebral palsy
A lack of oxygen that if prolonged can cause brain damage or death.
Anoxia
Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers.
Couvade
Grand theory of human development that focuses on changes of how people think over time. According to this theory our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs and behaviors.
Cognitive theory
