Test 1 Ch 1-4

Question 1

System of shared beliefs , norms, behaviors and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions.

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

1. Curiosity
2. Hypothesis
3. Test
4. Analize data and draw conclusions
5. Report the results

Answer 2

Scientific method

Question 3

A general term for the traits capacities and limitations that each individual inherits genetically form his or her parents at the moment of conception.

Answer 3

Nature

Question 4

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language culture and religion

Answer 4

.Ethnic group

Question 5

Group of people regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance typically skin color.

Answer 5

Race

Question 6

A time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen.

Answer 6

Critical period

Question 7

A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty. For example, early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning.

Answer 7

Sensitive period

Question 8

A view of human development as an ongoing ever-changing interaction between the physical cognitive and psychosocial influences. The crucial understanding is that development is never static but is always affected by and affects many systems of development.

Answer 8

Dynamic systems

Question 9

In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what affect it has on the dependent variable. (Also called experimental variable)

Answer 9

Independent variable

Question 10

In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.

Answer 10

Dependent variable

Question 11

A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.

Answer 11

Cross-sectional research

Question 12

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.

Answer 12

Longitudinal research

Question 13

D. cross-sequential research

Answer 13

16

Question 14

A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood, underline human behavior.

Answer 14

Psychoanalytical theory

Question 15

A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior. Also called learning theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.

Answer 15

Behaviorism

Question 16

The process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.

Answer 16

Conditioning

Question 17

The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning. (such as the smell of food to a hungry animal to the sound of a tone)

Answer 17

Classical conditioning

Question 18

Learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or unwanted. (which makes animal or person more likely to repeat the action or makes action less likely to be repeated. ALSO CALLED INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING

Answer 18

Operant conditioning

Question 19

The process by which a behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person.

Answer 19

Reinforcement

Question 20

The central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others and them copies them. ALSO CALLED OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Answer 20

Modeling

Question 21

The reinterpretation of new experiences to fit into old ideas.

Answer 21

Assimilation

Question 22

The restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences.

Answer 22

Accommodation

Question 23

Single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum.

Answer 23

Zygote

Question 24

Small section of a chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity. consists of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins

Answer 24

Gene .

Question 25

The chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.

Answer 25

DNA

Question 26

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.

Answer 26

Genotype

Question 27

Observable characteristics of a person including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

Answer 27

Phenotype

Question 28

Referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes.

Answer 28

Polygenic

Question 29

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the begging of cell differentiation

Answer 29

Germinal period.

Question 30

Stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eight week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop.

Answer 30

Embryonic period

Question 31

The stage of prenatal development from the ninth weel after conception until birth, during which the fetus gains 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own.

Answer 31

Fetal period

Question 32

Age at which fetus might survive outside the mothers uterus if specialized medical care is available.

Answer 32

Age of viability

Question 33

Agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals that can impair prenatal development and can result in birth defects or even death.

Answer 33

Teratogen

Question 34

Body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds.

Answer 34

Low birth weight

Question 35

Body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds.

Answer 35

Extremely low birth weight

Question 36

A disorder that results from damage to the brains motoe centers. (people with cerebral palsy have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and or body movements are impaired)

Answer 36

Cerebral palsy

Question 37

A lack of oxygen that if prolonged can cause brain damage or death.

Answer 37

Anoxia

Question 38

Symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers.

Answer 38

Couvade

Question 39

Grand theory of human development that focuses on changes of how people think over time. According to this theory our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs and behaviors.

Answer 39

Cognitive theory