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Psychology 100 > Test 2 (Ch. 3 & 4) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Ch. 3 & 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

How we receive information from our senses from the world

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2
Q

Transduction

A

The information we receive from our senses is changed. Transduction is when the sense information is changed to ACTION POTENTIALS that travel to our brains (they travel to our brains by neurons/nerves).

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3
Q

Perception

A

BRAIN INTERPRETS THE ACTION POTENTIALS (WHICH WERE ORIGINALLY SENSORY INFORMATION)

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4
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Our senses adapt to different intensities in the world (e.g. movie theater – light v. dark)

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

How strong does a stimulus have to be before we detect it (e.g. certain animals can detect certain stimuli long before we can)

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6
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Trying to detect a stimulus or detect when the stimulus is no longer there

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7
Q

hit

A

the stimulus is there and we detect it (signal detection theory)

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8
Q

miss

A

the simulus is there but we fail to detect it (signal detection theory)

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9
Q

False Alarm

A

we think the stimulus is there, but it is not (signal detection theory)

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10
Q

correct rejection

A

we correctly identify that the stimulus is not there

signal detection theory

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11
Q

sensitivity

A

when it is easier to tell the differences between stimuli – like a rainy vs. sunny day
(signal detection theory)

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12
Q

The Just Noticable Difference and Weber’s Law

A

i. Wanting to know when the intensity of a stimulus has changed (e.g. barking dog)
ii. Weber’s Law – the change in the stimulus can be different for different reasons

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13
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

a. Can something we cannot detect still consciously affect us?
b. Study – subliminal exposure to white faces increased prejudice to non-white faces

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14
Q

Cornea

A

Outer most corner of the eye.
-protects eye
-bends light so it can reach back of your head (occipital lobe)
Visual System (sensation)

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15
Q

Pupil

A

black dot in center of eye

pupil is really a hole so light can pass through

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16
Q

Iris

A

the colored part of the eye – opens and crunches the pupil based on darkness or brightness outside

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17
Q

Lens

A

(eye) helps you focus

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18
Q

retina

A

back of your eye – macula (responsible for central vision); fovea (most detailed vision); blind spot (area of the retina where there are no light sensitive cells.

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19
Q

myopia

A

near sightedness (can’t see far)

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20
Q

hyperopia

A

far sightedness (cant see close)

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21
Q

astigmatism

A

cornea not perfectly shaped

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22
Q

presbyopia

A

old sightedness

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23
Q

cataracts

A

lens becomes cloudy

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24
Q

glaucoma

A

fluid in eye doesn’t drain.

if too much fluid builds up then may go blind

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25
Q

photoreceptors

A

Sensitive to light

a. Cones – daytime vision; allows us to see color; dim light is hard for the cones
b. Rods – vision in dim light; does not allow us to see color well

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26
Q

Color and color vision

A

iv. Color and color vision
1. Hue – the name of a color
2. The color we see depends on wavelenghths of light
3. Trichromatic theory – just need three receptors to detect all the different colors
4. Opponent process theory –give green-red flag example

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27
Q

perception

A

Our life experiences enables us to perceive/interpret what we see in the world through educated guesses

28
Q

unconscious inferences

A

we are not aware that we are making these inferences but they affect our interpretation of the world

29
Q

likelihood principle

A

we interpret things based on what is most likely according to our experiences

30
Q

perception involves two processes

A

Data driven processing/bottom up processing
Information from our senses
&
Theory driven processing/top down processing
How our background information influences perception

31
Q

Perceptual set

A

we interpret based on our expectations and theories about the world

32
Q

Shape constancy

A

e.g. – we know the shape of a glass is the same even though we are tipping it to take a drink

33
Q

Position constancy

A

e.g. we look throughout a room, but we know the furniture is not moving

34
Q

Color constancy

A

e.g. apple is still red, even if the lighting in the room gives it a different shade

35
Q

gestalt principles

A

we automatically organize information from our senses

36
Q

figure-ground

A

(gestalt) figure is what we focus on (differs for everyone), ground is everything else

37
Q

depth perception

A

our perceptual system can interpret depth in many different ways

38
Q

perception across senses

A

one sense can influence how other senses perceive information

39
Q

synesthesia

A

seeing color, when color is not there

40
Q

selective attention

A

attend to certain things and ignore others

41
Q

divided attention

A

paying attention to different things at one time

42
Q

automaticity

A

behaviors we don’t have to “think” about bc of practice

43
Q

stroop effect

A

automatic to read the word, not say the color

44
Q

sustained attention

A

keep attention for a period of time

45
Q

vigilance decrement

A

start loosing sustained attention

46
Q

learning

A

encountering experiences that may or may not change you

47
Q

classical conditioning

A

Paulou (dog)(behaviorism)

48
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

49
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

elicits a behavior that isn’t natural

e.g. salivating at human not food

50
Q

autoshaping

A

a reinforcer is paired with a stimulus

51
Q

appetitive conditioning

A

pleasant stimulus is presented like food or water

52
Q

aversive conditioning

A

carrot cake

53
Q

second or higher order conditioning

A

pairing conditioners

54
Q

acquisition

A

number of times you have to pair a cs with a ucs for association

55
Q

extinction

A

no longer pairing cs with ucs

56
Q

generalization

A

slight change to cs, still see cr

57
Q

discrimination

A

cs changes the cr is less likely to occur

58
Q

operant conditioning

A

bf skinner conditioning behavior that was initially spontaneous, with reinforcement or punishment

59
Q

thorndike

A

law of effect (if it produces a satisfied state we continue doing it)

60
Q

positive and negative reinforcement

A

increase behavior
positive (treat for doing hw)
negative (escape or avoid a stimulus, studying avoids bad grade, escape alarm by turning off)

61
Q

positive and negative punishment

A

decreases behavior
positive (add spanking)
Negative (take away a toy)

62
Q

shaping

A

reinforcing small steps to achieve a more complex final behavior

63
Q

over justification effect

A

intrinsic/internal satisfaction is removed when paid to do something you love

64
Q

schedules of reinforcements

A

continuous v intermittent
fixed v variable interval schedule
fixed v variable ratio schedule

65
Q

observational learning

A

learn by watching others

66
Q

implicit learning

A

your unaware of it, but your learning

Psychology 100 (3 decks)

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