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Anatomy and Physiology II > Test 2-cardio/lymph > Flashcards

Test 2-cardio/lymph Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the heart?

A

generate BP, routing blood, ensuring one way flow, regulating blood supply

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2
Q

how does the cardiovascular system ensure one way flow

A

valves

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3
Q

how does the cardiovascular system regulate blood supply

A

changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

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4
Q

CO2/O2 exchange happens in __________.

A

capillaries

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5
Q

What area is the heart located in?

A

Mediastinum

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6
Q

What are the two main parts of the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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7
Q

what does the fibrous pericardium do?

A

prevents over distention and acts as an anchor

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8
Q

what does the serous pericardium do?

A

made of the parietal pericardium which lines the fibrous outer layer and visceral pericardium (epicardium which covers the heart surface.

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9
Q

what are the three layers of heart tissue

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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10
Q

what is the myocardium

A

composed of caridac muscle cells and responsibility for heart contraction

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11
Q

pectinate muslces

A

muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial walls

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12
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

muscular ridges and columns on the inside walls of ventricles

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13
Q

where does the right coronary artery supply blood

A

posterior aspect of heart

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14
Q

where does the right marginal artery supply blood

A

lateral wall of right ventricle

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15
Q

where does the posterior interventricular artery supply blood

A

posterior and inferior aspects of heart

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16
Q

where does the left marginal artery supply blood to

A

lateral wall of left ventricle

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17
Q

where does the circumflex artery supply blood?

A

extends to posterior aspect of heart

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18
Q

what does the great cardiac and small cardiac vein do

A

drain right margin of the heart

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19
Q

Where do veins of the heart empty before going to the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

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20
Q

What three places does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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21
Q

where does the left atrium receive blood from

A

four pulmonary veins

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22
Q

what is the interatrial septum

A

wall between the atria

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23
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

a depression in the interatrial septum which is a remnant of the fetal opening between the atria

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24
Q

what are tendon structures connected to the atrioventricular valves

A

chordae tendinae

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25
Q

what causes the atrioventricular valves to open and close

A

papillary muscles

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26
Q

can the atrioventricular valves be open at the same time as the semilunar valves?

A

no

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27
Q

What is the precursor structure to the fossa ovalis

A

foramen ovale

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28
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muslce

A

elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei. contains actin and myosin myofilaments.

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29
Q

what are intercalated disks

A

specialized cell-cell contacts. cell membranes interdigitate, desmosomes hold cells together, and gap junctions allow action potentials to propagate

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30
Q

What is the first step of conduction through the heart

A

SA nodes initiate action potential and travels through the atria

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31
Q

what is the second step in conduction through the heart

A

action potentials reach the AV node at the bottom of the right atrium and pass through the av bundle

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32
Q

what is the third step in conduction through the heart

A

the AV bundle divides into right and left branches and action potential moves down the interventricular septum

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33
Q

what is the fourth step in the conduction through the heart

A

action potential is carried by purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls and papillary muslces

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34
Q

what is an ectopic pacemaker or ectopic focus

A

excitable group of cells that cause a premature heart beat outside of normally functioning SA node of heart

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35
Q

What creates the plateau phase of the action potential

A

Ca+2 channels stay open which lengthens the depolarization effects

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36
Q

in skeletal muscle the action potential is conducted along the length of a single fiber. How is cardiac muscle different?

A

action potential conducted from cell to cell

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37
Q

Why is cardiac action potential propagation slower than skeletal?

A

gap junctions and small diameter of fibers

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38
Q

what is absolute refractory period

A

cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation for a short period

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39
Q

what is relative refractory period

A

cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation

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40
Q

what is long refractory period

A

prevents tetanic contractions

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41
Q

What happens during the P wave

A

atrial depolarization and onset of atrial contraction

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42
Q

what happens during the QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization. ventricular contraction

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43
Q

what happens during the T wave

A

repolarizaiton of ventricles preceds ventricular relaxation

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44
Q

diastole is _______

systole is ________

A

contraction

relaxation

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45
Q

What is the first heart sound and what happens

A

lubb. AV valves close

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46
Q

What is the second heart sound and what happens

A

dupp. semilunar valves close

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47
Q

if there is a third heart sound what does that indicate

A

turbulent flood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first third of diastole

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48
Q

what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? how is it calculated

A

average blood pressure in the aorta. cardiac output x peripheral resistance.

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49
Q

What is cardiac output and how is it calculated?

A

amount of blood pumped by heart per minute. stroke volume x heart rate

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50
Q

what is venous return

A

amount of blood returning to heart from peripheral circulation

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51
Q

What is end-diastolic/systolic reserve volume

A

amount of blood left in ventricle at end of filling/end point ejection

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52
Q

What is cardiac reserve

A

difference between CO at rest and maximum CO

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53
Q

What is peripheral resistance

A

total resistance against which blood must be pumped

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54
Q

intrinsic regulation

A

results from normal functional characteristics (not neural or hormonal regulation)

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55
Q

what is preload

A

amount of stretch of the ventricular walls. the greater the preload the greater the force of contraction

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56
Q

what is afterload

A

pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in the aorta and move blood into the aorta

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57
Q

extrinsic regulation

A

neural and hormonal control of the heart

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58
Q

parasympathetic stimulation

A

supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine is secreted and hyperpolarizes the heart.

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59
Q

sympathetic stimulation

A

supplied by cardiac nerves which innervate the SA and AV nodes, coronary vessels, and atrial and ventricular myocardium. Increases heart rate and force of contraction. Epi and Norepi released

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60
Q

What happens when the heart beat increases

A

increases cardiac output causes a lower end-systolic volume. heart empties to a greater extent

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61
Q

How does epinephrine and norepinephrine control the heart

A

quick response increases heart rate and pumps blood out faster

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62
Q

What does excess extracellular potassium do

A

increases the heart rate and stroke volume (tachycardia) initially and then leads to a slower heart rate (bradycardia/heart block)

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63
Q

what does a deficiency in extracellular potassium do

A

decreases heart rate and no change in force

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64
Q

what does excess extracellular calcium do

A

lowers action potential frequency and therefore heart rate

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65
Q

what does a extracellular calcium deficiency do

A

increases heart rate. death usually due to tetany of skeletal muslce before heart

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66
Q

where are barorecptors located. where do they send information?

A

internal carotids. medulla oblongata

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67
Q

where are oxygen chemoreceptors located

A

aorta, internal carotids

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68
Q

where are receptors for H+, CO2, located

A

medulla oblongata

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69
Q

how is temperature related to heart rate

A

directly proportional

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70
Q

what will the cardioregulatory center to to the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems if blood pressure increases? decreases?

A
  1. parasympathetic up, sympathetic down

2. parasympathetic down, sympathetic down

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71
Q

what will the cardioregulatory center to to the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems if blood pH increases? decreases?

A
    1. parasympathetic up, sympathetic down

2. parasympathetic down, sympathetic down

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72
Q

What are the effects of aging on the heart

A

more significant response to excercise, hypertrophy of left ventricle, decrease in maximum heart rate, increased tendency for abnormal heart function, atrophy of cells contraction= arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, congestive heart disease

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73
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system

A

carry blood, exchange nutrients, waste products, and gasses, transport molecules, regulate blood pressure, directs blood flow.

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74
Q

what is the flow of blood from elastic arteries to large veins

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, medium/large veins.

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75
Q

What are the three main layers of vessels

A

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

76
Q

What are some characteristics of the tunica intima

A

it is the innermost layer which is surrounded by a basal membrane,connective tissue layer, and internal elastic membrane

77
Q

What are some characteristics of the tunica media

A

smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel

78
Q

what happens to the bp and flow during vasoconstriction? vasodilation?

A
  1. up, down

2. down, up

79
Q

What are some characteristics of the tunica adventitia

A

connective tissue that varies from dense regular towards the center of the vessel to loose farther from the vessel

80
Q

What are elastic or conducting arteries

A

large diameter and higher pressure when fluctuating between systolic and diastolic. more elastic tissue than muscle. Thick tunica intima and thin tunica adventitia

81
Q

What are muscular arteries

A

more smooth muscle allows vessel to regulate blood supply by constricting or dilating

82
Q

what are arterioles

A

smallest arteries where the three tunics can still be differentiated. transport blood from small arteries to capillaries

83
Q

capillaries

A

consists of endothelial cells (simple squamous), basal membrane, and loose CT. scattered pericapillary cells

84
Q

what are pericapillary cells

A

cell between the endothelial cell and basal membrane which includes fibroblasts, macrophages, or undifferentiated smooth muscle cells

85
Q

how do lipid soluble and small water soluble molecules move through the PM

A

diffusion

86
Q

how do large water soluble molecules get out of cappilaries

A

move through fenestrae or between endothelial cells

87
Q

what are the 5 types of cappilaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal, venous sinuses

88
Q

continuous cappilary

A

no gaps b/w endothelial cells, no fenestrae, less permeable to molecules. muscle, nervous tissue

89
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelial cells have numerous fenestrae, pores, highly permeable. intestinal villi, ciliary process of eye, choroid plexus, glomeruli of kidney

90
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A

large diameter with large fenestrae, less basement membrane permeable to large molecules like hormones

91
Q

venous sinuses

A

most permeable to molecules like RBC is spleen

92
Q

metarterioles

A

connect arteriole with cappilary system

93
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

main channel which connects arteriole and venule

94
Q

venules

A

drain capillary network. have endothelial cells with little amount of smooth muscle

95
Q

small veins

A

have smooth muscle which forms a continuous layer

96
Q

large veins

A

tunica intima is thin, adventitia is predominant layer.

97
Q

what are valves made of in veins, where are they most concentrated

A

made of folds in intima. more in lower extremeties

98
Q

what is the order of flow from elastic arteries to medium and large veisn

A

elastic arteries, musclular arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, thoroughfare channels, precapillary sphincters, arterial caps, venous caps, venules, small veins, medium/large veins

99
Q

vasa vasorum

A

blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries and veins

100
Q

portal veins

A

connects two capillary network without a pumping mechanism in between.

101
Q

arterivenous anastemoses

A

arterioles to small veins with no capillaries. found in sole of foot, palm of hand, terminal phalanges, nail bed

102
Q

what types of vessels are most innervated

A

small arteries and arterioles

103
Q

arterisclerosis

A

degenerative change making arteries less elastic

104
Q

atherosclerosis

A

deposition of plaque on walls between endothelium and vessel wall

105
Q

what three arteries exit the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

106
Q

which arteries does the shoulder, chest, and back receive blood from

A

subclavian and axillary

107
Q

what artery does the palm receive blood from

A

superficial and deep palmar arches

108
Q

what artery does the thumb and fingers receive blood from

A

digital arches

109
Q

what organs do the celiac trunk supply blood to

A

stomach, duodenum, liver

110
Q

what organs do the splenic artery supply

A

stomach and spleen

111
Q

what organs do the superior messenteric artery supply

A

pancreas, small intestine, and colon

112
Q

what organs do the inferior messenteric artery supply

A

colon and rectum

113
Q

what are the major veins which return blood to the right atrium

A

superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

114
Q

types of veins

A

superficial, deep, sinuses

115
Q

What are the two portal systems in the body

A

hypothalamohypophyseal portal and hepatic portal

116
Q

What does the hepatic portal system connect? Is it poor/rich in nutrients/toxins?

A

connects intestinal capillaries to liver. nutrient rich and toxin rich. liver will biotransform toxic substances into non toxic substances and/or can transport to the liver

117
Q

What is the past of blood in the hepatic portal vein

A

capillaries in GI tract, hepatic portal vein, liver sinusoids (caps), hepatic veins

118
Q

what is blood pressure

A

measure of force exerted by blood against the wall

119
Q

what are korotkoff sounds and how are they used to measure blood pressure?

A

sounds produced by blood flowing through vessels while releasing pressure in a cuff. The first sound of crisp tapping is the cystolic and when the sound goes away that is the diastolic

120
Q

laminar flow

A

streamlined flow in which interior of blood vessel is smooth and equal diameter. The outer layer moves slower than the inner layer

121
Q

turbulent flow

A

interrupted flow in which fluid is passing a constriction, sharp turn or rough surface

122
Q

how is rate of flow expressed?

A

volume/time (L/min)

123
Q

How is flow effected if P1 increases, resistence decreases? flow=(P1-P2)/R

A
  1. flow up

2. flow up

124
Q

How is viscosity, length, and diameter related to resistance =(128vl)/(piD^4)

A

v- proportional
l- proportional
D- inversely proportional

125
Q

how does the cardiovascular increase flow during a work out

A

increase diameter

126
Q

What blood component influences viscosity the most?

A

RBC count (hematocrit)

127
Q

critical closing pressure

A

pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and blood flow stops

128
Q

laplace’s law

A

F=diameter x pressure

129
Q

vascular compliance

A

blood vessel gets bigger as pressure increases to accommodate.

130
Q

does the venous system or arterial system have greater compliance

A

venous to act as blood reservoir

131
Q

does cross sectional area increase or decrease as diameter decreases?

A

increase

132
Q

does flow increase or decrease with a decrease in diameter

A

decrease

133
Q

does pressure increase or decrease as diameter decreases

A

decrease

134
Q

what affects capillary exchange

A

BP, capillary permeability, and osmosis

135
Q

What two factors affect net filtration pressure (force responsible for moving fluids across capillary walls)

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

136
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

physical pressure of blood flowing through vessels or fluid in interstitial spaces

137
Q

osmotic pressure

A

movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to low

138
Q

what are the 4 fluid pressures

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure, blood hydrostatic pressure, interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, tissue hydrostatic pressure

139
Q

what is net filtration pressure

A

net hydrostatic pressure-net osmotic pressure

140
Q

What happens when capillaries become more permeable?

A

proteins can leak into interstitial fluid increasing ICOP. fluids move from capillaries into the interstitial fluid causing edema

141
Q

what leads to edema

A

inflammatory chemicals increase permeability, hypertonic conditions of plasma proteins reduces BCOP , blockage of veins , blockage or removal of lymph vessels

142
Q

venous tone

A

continual state of partial contraction

143
Q

how does gravity affect blood pressure

A

in a standing position, hydrostatic pressure increases BP below heart and decreases above heart

144
Q

what are the three types of control in terms of blood flow in tissues

A

local control, nervous system, and hormonal control

145
Q

local control of blood flow in tissues

A

blood flow should be proportional to metabolic needs (capillary sphincter)

146
Q

nervous system control of blood flow in tissues

A

responsible for routing blood flow and maintaining pressure

147
Q

hormonal control of blood flow in tissues

A

sympathetic action potentials stimulate epinephrine ann norepinephrine

148
Q

vasomotion

A

periodic contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters

149
Q

what is the long term local control of blood flowo

A

capillaries become more dense in a region that regularly has increased metabolic rate

150
Q

what happens in the adrenal medullary mechanism response to increase sympathetic stimulation?

A

adrenal medulla releases epi and norepi which mimics sympathetic stimulation of heart and blood vessels.

151
Q

what different effects does epinephrine have

A

epi acts on alpha receptors causing vasoconstriction and beta receptors cause vasodilation

152
Q

CNS ischemic response

A

elevation of BP in response to lack of blood flow to the medulla oblongata

153
Q

long term regulation of blood pressure

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, vasopresin, atrial natriuretic mechanism, fluid shift mechanism, stress-relaxation response

154
Q

what is the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

A

kidneys detect decreased BP, secrete renin, which converts angiotensis to angiotensin I, ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which causes reuptake of water and increases BP

155
Q

how does ADH increase BP

A

increases reabsorbtion of water in the kidneys

156
Q

atrial natriuretic hormone

A

released from cardiac muscle cells when BP increases, simulating an increase in urinary production causing a decrease in blood volume and pressure

157
Q

fluid shift

A

movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries in response to low BP

158
Q

stress relaxation response

A

adjustment of blood vessel smooth muscle response to changes in volume

159
Q

effects of aging on the circulatory system

A

degenerative changes, increased resistance to flow

160
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system

A

fluid balance, fat absorption, defense

161
Q

how does the lymphatic system control fluids

A

excess interstitial fluids enter lymphatic capillaries and become lymph

162
Q

what is chyle

A

a fluid from the digestive tract that contains absorbed fat.

163
Q

how does the lymphatic system aid in defense

A

the lymphatic system filters foreign substances from lymph in the lymph nodes

164
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling that generally occurs in arms or legs caused by removal or damage to the lymph nodes which prevents lymph fluid from draining well

165
Q

what is lymph made of

A

water + solutes

166
Q

where do the solutes in lymph come from?

A

blood plasma and cells

167
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do

A

carry lymph away from heart

168
Q

are lymphatic capillaries more or less permeable than blood capillaries

A

more

169
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

areas distributed along vessels that filter lymph

170
Q

what are lymphatic ducts

A

ducts which drain tissue and move lymph into major veins

171
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from

A

right side of head, right upper limb, right thorax

172
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from

A

left side of head, left upper limb, left thorax and both legs

173
Q

what fibers act as a filter net

A

fine collagen reticular fibers produced by reticular cells

174
Q

what are three examples of encapsulated lymphatic tissue

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

175
Q

what are two examples of nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue

A

peyer’s patches, and tonsils

176
Q

what is diffuse lymphatic tissue?

A

dispersed lymphocytes and macrophages. blends with other tissues

177
Q

what are characteristics of lymphatic nodules

A

denser aggregations and numerous loose connective tissue

178
Q

what is the purpose of tonisls

A

provide protection against foreign substances in the nasopharynx and oral cavity

179
Q

what are the three types of tonsils

A

palatine, pharyngeal, lingual

180
Q

what do lymph nodes do

A

remove substances by phagocytosis or stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate in germinal centers

181
Q

what are the functions of the spleen

A

destroy defective RBC, detects and responds to foreign substances, limited reservoir for blood

182
Q

what happens during slow flow in the spleen

A

there is no direct capillary connection between arteries and veins so blood percolates through splenic cords

183
Q

what are splenic cords

A

reticular cells which produce reticular ribers

184
Q

where does the thymus have the most amount of lymphocytes

A

cortex

185
Q

what happens in the thymus

A

site of maturation for T cells which attack foreign substances

Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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