Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology II > metabolism, renal, reproductive > Flashcards

metabolism, renal, reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

result of lactic acid fermentation

A

2 molecules lactic acid

2 molecules of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

triglycerides break down into_____ through _____

A

acetyl coA

beta oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what two things can happen to acetyl coA

A

enter CAC

ketone body formation in liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transamination

A

transfer of amine group to keto acid to form a non-essential amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

oxidative deamination

A

if amino acids are used for energy, ammonia and keto acid is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen- may be elevated (uremia) in acute adn chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is uric acid synthesized from

A

adenine and guanine. normally excreted in small amounts in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glycogenesis

A

excess glucose to glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lipogenesis

A

glucose and amino acids used to synthesize lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose from amino acids and glycerol (opposite of glycolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

absorptive state

A

period immediately after eating where nutrients absorbed through intestinal wall into circulatory and lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

postabsorptive state

A

after absorptive state when blood glucose levels are maintained by conversion of other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of urinary system

A

elimination of waste, filtering blood, regulation of blood volume, concentration of solutes, pH, blood cell synthesis, synthesis of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which kidney is slightly lower

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

renal capsule

A

fibrous connective tissue surrounding kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

perirenal fat

A

engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

renal fascia

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue (anchors kidney to abdominal wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hilum

A

renal artery and nerves enter and renal vein and ureter exit kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cortex

A

outer area of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

medulla

A

inner area of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

renal pyramids

A

cone shaped
base is boundary between medulla/cortex
apex is the renal pailla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

calyces

A

converge to form pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pelvis

A

enlarged chamber in the middle of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ureter

A

connects kidney to urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of tissue is the bladder made of

A

transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

blood flow through the kidney

A

renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular cappilary, vasa recta, interlobar vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the 4 parts of the nephron

A

bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the path of urine out of the body

A

collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyses, major calyses, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the difference between juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons

A

juxtamedullary loop of henle extends deep into medulla and cortical loop of henle does not go as deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what three processes are involved in filtering blood

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the outer and inner layers of the bowman’s capsule made of

A

outer- simple squamous epithelium

podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where is renin produced

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

renal fraction

A

% of total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys average 21%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

renal blood flow rate

A

1176 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

renal plasma flow rate

A

(renal blood flow rate)(fraction of blood that is plasma)= 650 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

filtration fraction

A

part of plasma that is filtered into lumen of bowman’s capsule (19%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtrate produced each minute 180 L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

average urine production/day

A

1-2 L (99% of filtrate is reabsorbed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is special about the filtration membrane?

A

has fenestrated endothelium prevents cells from entering the capillaries but some albumin and hormones enter the filtrate and are reabsorbed and metabolized by the PCT cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

glomerular capillary pressure

A

blood pressure inside capillary pushes fluid out into bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

capsule hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of filtrate already in lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure caused by proteins in the blood (favors movement into capillary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

autoregulation of Glomerular filtration

A

increase in BP=constriction of afferent arterioles (less flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

sympathetic stimulation:norepinephrine

A

constricts small arteries and afferent arterioles, decreases blood flow and filtrate formation, during shock or intense exercise- intense sympathetic stimulation decreases rate of filtrate formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where does tubular reabsorption occur

A

proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

where does passive transport occur in the kidney

A

thin segment of loop of henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how do things get back into venous circulation

A

substances transported to interstitual fluid and reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries and venous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what gets reabsorbed and secreted in proximal tubule

A

HCO3-, NaCl, H2O (passively) K+, other nutrients- reabsorbed

H+, NH3, secreeted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what gets reabsorbed in the descending loop of henle

A

water, solutes enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what gets reabsorbed in the thin and thick segment of loop of henle

A

NaCl, K+
thin-passive
thick-active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what gets reabsorbed and secreted in the distal tubule

A

NaCl, H2O, HCO3- reabsorbed

K+, H+ secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what gets reabsorbed in the collecting duct

A

NaCl, urea, H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

As the tubule goes deeper in the medulla, the osmolarity of interstitial fluid _____

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What happens in diabetes mellitus

A

concentration of glucose in filtrate exceeds rate of transported so it is excreted in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What happens in the loop of henle

A

descending- water moves out of nephron and solutes move in

ascending- solutes move out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is usually secreted in the the tubule

A

metabolic byproducts, drugs, ammonia, H+,K+, penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What mechanisms create urine of variable concentration

A

maintenance of high concentration of solutes in medulla, counter current flow, control of permeability of distal nephron to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

which part of the nephron is permeable to urea

A

descending loop of henle, collecting ducts

60
Q

How does ADH work at the cellular level

A

Binds to a GPCR and a aquiporin-2 cytoplasmic vesicle moves to the plasma membrane. Increases permeability to water and increases reabsorption

61
Q

what part of the nephron does ADH work in

A

distal tubules and collecting duct

62
Q

How does aldosterone affect urine production

A

it increases Na+ reabsorption and decreases urine concentration and volume

63
Q

what stimulates aldosterone (renal cortex)

A

angiotensin II (high K+ and low Na+

64
Q

what stimulates angiotensin II

A

renin (kidney)

65
Q

what does renin do

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which gets converted to angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor and aldosterone stimualtor)

66
Q

how does aldosterone work at the cellular level

A

aldosterone diffuses into the nucleus of the tubule cell. causes transcription/translation of Na+/K+/H+ transporters. more Na+ absorbed and more K+/H+ secreted

67
Q

atrial natriuretic hormone

A

produced by right atrium of heart when blood volume increases, inhibits Na+ reabsorption, inhibits ADH, increases urine volume.

68
Q

how does urine move through ureters

A

peristalsis

69
Q

what does sympathetic stimulation do to afferent arteriole diameter?

A

decrease=decrease urine production

70
Q

micturition reflex

A

stretch of urinary bladder, reflex that contracts the bladder and inhibits urinary sphincter

71
Q

effect of aging on renal system

A

gradual decrease in size of kidney, blood flow, glomeruli, ability to concentrate urine, less responsive to ADH/aldosterone, reduced ability to participate in vit D synthesis

72
Q

what is the intracellular cation

A

K+

73
Q

what is the interstitial fluid cation

A

Na+

74
Q

what is the plasma cation

A

Na+

75
Q

intracellular anion

A

PO4-3

76
Q

interstital fluid anion

A

Cl-

77
Q

plasma anion

A

Cl-

78
Q

three routes of water loss

A

urine, evaporation, feces

79
Q

increased osmolarity causes ADH secretion or inhibits ADH secretion

A

increased ADH secretion

80
Q

hypernatremia

A

elevated plasma Na+

81
Q

hyponatremia

A

decreased Na+

82
Q

what happends when extracellular calcium gets too high

A

prevents membrane depolarization

83
Q

if pH increases what happens to H+ secretion

A

decreases

84
Q

what are the four functions of reproductive system

A

produce gametes, fertilization, development, hormone production

85
Q

two chambered sac that contains testes

A

scrotum

86
Q

muscles which help regulate temperature of the testes

A

dartos and cremaster muscle

87
Q

perineum

A

diamond shaped area between thighs- divided into urogenital triangles

88
Q

thick white connective tissue covering testes

A

tunica albuginea

89
Q

seminiferous tubules make what?

A

sperm

90
Q

interstitial cells secrete what?

A

testosterone

91
Q

how do testes descend

A

pass through abdominal wall guided by fibromuscular gubernaculum and through inguinal rings

92
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of one or both of testes to descend into scrotum

93
Q

what does FSH stimulate in males

A

sperm formation

94
Q

what does LH stimulate in males

A

testosterone

95
Q

what is the process male gametes undergo to become sperm

A

mitosis- spermatogonia- primary spermatocytes and daughter spermatogonia

meiosis 1- primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes

meiosis 2- secondary spermatocytes to spermatids

spermatids develop acrosome and flagellum

96
Q

sustenacular (sertoli, nurse) cells do what?

A

nourish sperm cells and form blood-testis barrier and produce hormones (testosterone to dihydrotestosterone and estrogen)

97
Q

what are the efferent ductules in males

A

ducts that lead of of testis

98
Q

what is epididymis

A

site of sperm cell maturation

99
Q

what is ductus deferens or vas deferens

A

duct which passes from epididymis into abdominal cavity

100
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

joins the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle. ends at urethra with prostate gland

101
Q

corpose cavernosa

A

erectile tissue that is dorsal

102
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

erectile tissue surrounding spongy urethra

103
Q

glans penis

A

enlargement of corpus spongiosum

104
Q

prepuce or foreskin

A

covers glans penis

105
Q

what are the three parts of the urethra in mlaes

A

prostatic, membranous, spongy

106
Q

seminal vesicles

A

high pH secretion that empties into ejaculatory duct and produces 60% of semen

107
Q

prostate gland

A

thin milky secretion and high pH that contains clotting factors and fibrinolysis

108
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

mucous secretion that helps neutralize pH of female vagina

109
Q

emission

A

discharge of semen into prostatic urethra

110
Q

ejaculation

A

expulsion of semen from urethra

111
Q

what hormone is secreted before birth in males

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG)- stimulates secretion of testosterone

112
Q

during puberty, what hormone increases

A

gnRH- LH, FSH

113
Q

what does testosterone do

A

enlargement and differentiation of male genitals/reproductive ducts, descent of testes, hair growth, rough skin, sebaceous gland secretion, increased metabolic rate, bone growth

114
Q

effect of aging on male reproductive system

A

decrease in testes size, interstitial cells, thinning of seminiferous tubules, decreased rate of sperm cell production, decrease in blood flow to prostate

115
Q

external female genitalia

A

vulva or pudendum

116
Q

labia minora

A

forms borders on sides

117
Q

hymen

A

covering of vaginal opening

118
Q

what are the four parts of the uterus

A

body, isthmus, cervix, fundus

119
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium-serous membrane, myometrium- smooth muscle, endometrium- mucous membrane

120
Q

functional layer of uterus

A

innermost layer replaced every month

121
Q

fimbriae

A

long thin processes that extend from infundibulum of uterine tubes

122
Q

ampulla

A

widest part of uterine tube where fertilization takes place

123
Q

what is the outermost covering of the ovary

A

ovarian (germinal) epithelium

124
Q

oogenesis

A

production of secodnary oocyte in ovaries

125
Q

what happens to oogonia before birth

A

cells which divide by mitosis to produce other oogonia and primary oocytes. primary oocyte stops in prophase of meiosis 1. gets surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells (primordial folicle)

126
Q

how does the primary follicle develop

A

granulosa cells enlarge and increase in number

127
Q

how does the secondary follicle develop

A

fluid filled vesicles develop and thecal cells arise on outside of follicle.

128
Q

what is a mature follicle

A

vesicles surrounding the primary oocyte fuse to create a single antrum

129
Q

when does the primary oocyte complete meiosis 1

A

right before ovulation- creates a secondary oocyte and polar body

130
Q

how far does the secondary oocyte get in meiosis 2 before being released from ovary

A

metaphase II

131
Q

when does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis 2

A

if it is fertilized by sperm cell.

132
Q

what forms the corpus luteum and corpus albicans

A

granulosa cells

133
Q

are polar bodies bigger or smaller than oocyte

A

smaller

134
Q

when does fertilization begin

A

when a sperm cell binds the plasma membrane of a secondary oocyte and penetrates into the cytoplasm

135
Q

when is there a zygote

A

after meiosis 2 is complete and the polar body is ejected

136
Q

when does the corpus luteum persist

A

if fertilization occurs

137
Q

menarche

A

first episode of menstrual bleeding

138
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A

menses, proliferation (follicular phase), and secretory (luteal phase)

139
Q

amenorrhea

A

absense of menstrual cycle

140
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menstrual cycle

141
Q

what happens during the follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A

FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates development of an oocyte containing follicle which secretes estrogen and progesterone

142
Q

what happens during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle

A

corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

143
Q

what happens during the menstruation phase of uterine cycle

A

bleeding due to low levels of estrogen and progesterone in blood

144
Q

what happens during proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A

endometrium thickens under influence of estrogen and ovulation occurs midcycle

145
Q

what happens during secretory phase of uterine cycle

A

endometrium continues to thicken and becomes vascular under influence of progesterone

146
Q

what happens during menopause

A

cessation of menstrual cycle for 12 months, follicles insensitive to LH and FSH, ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone, hot flashes, night sweats, fatigue, behavioral changes

147
Q

effect of aging on female reproductive system

A

menopause, uterine position may lead to prolapse, uterus decreases in size, vaginal wall gets thinner, less elastic and increased risk for infection, increased risk for cancer

Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions