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Anatomy and Physiology II > immunology, respiratory, digestive, nutrition > Flashcards

immunology, respiratory, digestive, nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

ability to resist damage from foreign substances

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2
Q

innate immunity

A

nonspecific immunity- there from birth (physical barriers, chemical mediators, and cell mediated)

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3
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific immunity- changes over time (specificity, memory)

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4
Q

examples of physical barriers

A

skin, mucous membranes, cilia, coughing and sneezing

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5
Q

surface chemicals

A

lysozyme lyses cells, acid secretions prevent/kill microbes, mucus traps microbes

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6
Q

histamine

A

causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, gland secretions, smooth muscle contractions of airways, attracts eosinophils

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7
Q

kinin

A

cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, stimulates pain receptors, and attract neutrophils

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8
Q

interferons

A

interfere with virus production and infection

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9
Q

complement

A

increase vascular permeability, stimulate release of histamine, activate kinins, lyse cells, promote phagocytosis, and attract leukoocytes

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10
Q

prostaglandins

A

cause smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and stimulates pain receptors

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11
Q

leukotrienes

A

prolonged smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and attraction of leukocytes

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12
Q

pyrogens

A

stimulate fever

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13
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement toward the source of chemotactic factors

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14
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocytic and first cell to enter infected tissue. regularly cross gastrointestinal wall

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15
Q

macrophage

A

monocyte that leaves blood to phagocytize a cell

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16
Q

basophil and mast cell

A

promotes inflammation. basophils are motile, mast cells are not motile in connective tissue

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17
Q

eosinophils

A

reduce imflammation by breaking down chemicals. secrete enzymes that kill some parasites

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18
Q

natural killer cells

A

lyse tumor and virus infected cells

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19
Q

local inflammatory response

A

confined to a specific area of body. redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

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20
Q

systemic inflammatory response

A

occurs in many parts of body but in addition to local, increase neutrophils, fever (pyrogens), widespread vascular permeability.

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21
Q

B cell

A

differentiates to become plasma cell or memory B cell

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22
Q

plasma cell

A

produces antibodies that are direct or indirectly responsible for destroying antigen

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23
Q

memory B cell

A

quick and effective response to an antigen that the body has seen before

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24
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

destroying cells lb lysis or by producing cytokines

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25
Q

helper T cell

A

activates B cell and cytotoxic T cells

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26
Q

regulatory T cell

A

inhibits B cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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27
Q

memory T cells

A

quick and effective response to antigen which the imune system has previously reacted

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28
Q

dendritic cell

A

processes antigen and is involved in the activation of B and T cells

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29
Q

antigen

A

large foreign molecule such as bacteria, virus, or other compound

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30
Q

self-antigen

A

produced by body as a marker to allow adaptive immune response to differentiate from self and non self

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31
Q

haptens

A

small molecules, when combines with large proteins produce adaptive immune resposne

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32
Q

positive selection

A

ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against antigens (proliferate and form clones)

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33
Q

negative selection

A

getting rid of lymphocytes that react to self-antigen

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34
Q

tolerance

A

unresponsive lymphocyte to specific antigen

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35
Q

antigenic determinants

A

specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte

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36
Q

antigenic receptors

A

where lymphocyte binds with antigenic determinant

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37
Q

major histocompatibilities complex (MHC)

A

molecules attach to plasma membrane with a variable end that can bind to antigens

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38
Q

class 1 MHC

A

surface of nucleated cells that tells the immune cells to kill it.. MHC1 and foreign antigen are displayed together

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39
Q

class 2 MHC

A

found on antigen presenting cells that stimulates other immune system cells to respond to the antigen

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40
Q

how does a helper T cell proliferate

A

macrophage displaying MHC class II molecule and processed antigen bind to helper T cell to stimulate division

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41
Q

Proliferation of B cells

A

B cell first endocytosis a antigen and displays it with a MHC class II molecule on the surface of the cell. Helper T cell binds and stimulates proliferation

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42
Q

proliferation of cytotoxic T cells

A

target cell displays a MHC class 1 moelcule and processed antigen. T cell receptor binds complex. Costimulation by molecule produced by helper T cell

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43
Q

how do antibodies work

A

recognize a unique part of the foreign target (antigen). effective for extracellular agents.

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44
Q

IgM

A

activates complement and acts as antigen binding receptor on the surface of B cells. first antibody to respond to an antigen

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45
Q

IgG

A

most common antibody. activates complement, promotes phagocytosis, can cross placenta. measured as titer to specific disease

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46
Q

IgE

A

increased with allergies and parasites

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47
Q

IgA

A

secretory antibody- secreted into breast milk, saliva, tears, mucous membranes

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48
Q

IgD

A

aids in antigen binding receptors on B cells

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49
Q

actions of antibodies

A

inactivation, agglutination, activate the complement cascade, initiate release of inflammatory chemicals, facilitate phagocytosis

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50
Q

primary response to antibody

A

when B cell is first activated by antigen it proliferates to produce plasma cells and memory cells

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51
Q

secondary response

A

second or later exposure to antigen. memory cells ramp up to form plasma cells and more memory cells. faster response

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52
Q

what are the two functions of cytotoxic T cells

A

lyse cell, produce cytokines which promote phagocytosis and inflammation

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53
Q

active natural immunity

A

natural exposure to antigen

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54
Q

active artificial immunity

A

vaccination

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55
Q

passive natural immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus/baby

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56
Q

passive artificial immunity

A

antibodies are produced by another person or animal and injected

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57
Q

effects of aging on immune system

A

decreased helper T cell proliferation, decreased antibody response, ability to resist intracellular pathogens decreases, reactivation of pathogens

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58
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange, regulation of pH, voice production, olfaction, protection

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59
Q

what structures make up the upper tract of the respiratory system

A

nose and pharynx

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60
Q

what structure make up the lower tract of the respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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61
Q

what is the anterior vestibule

A

structure with hairs just inside the nares designed to trap debris

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62
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity

A

passageway for air, cleans air, humidifies and warms air, smell, resonating chamber for speech

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63
Q

what are the three regions in the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, larygopharynx

64
Q

what does the nasopharynx connect

A

nasal cavity with eustachian tubes

65
Q

what are the three unpaired cartilages in the larynx

A

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

66
Q

what are the three paired cartilages in the larynx

A

arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

67
Q

vestibular folds are also known as….

A

false vocal cords

68
Q

true vocal cords are located in the opening between the …

A

glottis

69
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A

maintains open passage for air, prevent swallowed material from entering deeper, sound production, pseudostratifued ciliated columnar tissue prevents debris movement

70
Q

what does the trachea connect

A

larynx to primary bronchi

71
Q

what is the path of air through the lungs

A

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

72
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

gas exchange

73
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

produce surfactant

74
Q

dust cells

A

phagocytes

75
Q

what are the layers of the respiratory membrane starting interior

A

thin layer of fluid lining alveolus, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane of alveolar epithelium, thin interstitial space, basement membrane of capillary epithelium, capillary epithelium

76
Q

what is the difference between the left and right lung

A

left lung only has 2 lobes and cardiac fissure

77
Q

when the diaphragm contracts does the body inhale or exhale?

A

inhale

78
Q

when the diaphragm relaxes does the body inhale or exhale

A

exhale

79
Q

which pleura adheres to the organ and the thoracic cell wall?

A

visceral pleura- lung

parietal pleura- thoracic wall

80
Q

mediastinum

A

central region of thoracic cavity which contains heart

81
Q

lung recoil is based on two factors:

A

elastic recoil and surface tension

82
Q

surfactant

A

reduces tendency of lungs to collapse by reducing surface tension

83
Q

respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)

A

not enough surfactant produced in infants

84
Q

does negative or positive pressure cause alveoli to expand

A

negative. pressure is low enough to overcome lung recoil

85
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

opening between pleural cavity and atmosphere means no pressure difference and no breathing

86
Q

what does a large compliance mean?

A

easier for a change in pressure to cause expansion

87
Q

what does a low compliance mean?

A

hard for a change in pressure to cause expansion (want it to be large)

88
Q

spirometry

A

measures volumes of air that move into and out of respiratory system

89
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

90
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume that can be forcefully inspired after inspiration of tidal volume

91
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

volume that can be forcefully expired after expiration of tidal volume

92
Q

residual volume

A

volume still remaining in the respiratory pasages and lungs after most forceful expiration

93
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

94
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

95
Q

vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

96
Q

total lung capactiy

A

all of the lung volumes added together

97
Q

what are the four factors diffusion of gasses depends on

A

membrane thickness, diffusion coefficient of the gas, surface area, partial pressure differences

98
Q

shunted blood

A

blood that is not completely oxygenated

99
Q

blood flow to and from alveoli

A

pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary veins

100
Q

what three ways is CO2 transported

A

bicarbonate ion, hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma

101
Q

what brain structure generally regulates respiration

A

medulla, but higher brain centers, chemoreceptors, thermal, pain receptors can modify respiration

102
Q

when pH decreases, does respiration increase or decrease?

A

increase

103
Q

when pH increases, does respiration increase or decrease

A

decrease

104
Q

effects on aging for respiratory sys

A

opposite of athletes. VC decreases, residual volume increases, decreased ability to remove mucus, decreased gas exchange

105
Q

what does the alimentary tract refer to?

A

continuous tube that food travels through

106
Q

GI tract is?

A

stomach and intestines

107
Q

mastication

A

chewing

108
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

109
Q

peristalsis

A

wave of circular smooth muscle relaxation and contraction propel bolus foward

110
Q

what are the four layers of the digestive tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

111
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal

A

duodenum, pancreas, ascending and decending colon

112
Q

messentery

A

two layers of peritoneum with thin layer of CT between. routes vessels and nerves pass from body wall to organs

113
Q

what are the two sets of teeth

A

primary and secondary

114
Q

what are the 4 tyes of teeth

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

115
Q

what is the clinical crown

A

section of tooth above gum line

116
Q

what is enamel

A

outermost layer of anatomical crown, non living, protective

117
Q

dentin

A

living, cellular, calcified tissue

118
Q

pulp cavity

A

filled with blood vessels nerves and CT

119
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

hold tooth in socket

120
Q

gingiva

A

inbetween teeth dense fibrous CT covered by stratified squamous epithelium

121
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

122
Q

what are the two sphincters in the stomach

A

cardiac, pyloric

123
Q

chyme

A

ingested food and stomach secretions

124
Q

pepsin

A

protein breakdown

125
Q

phases of stomach secretions

A

cephalic (triggered by brain), gastric (triggered by gastric distension), intestinal (absence of material stops secretion)

126
Q

what happens in the small intestine?

A

absorption of nutrients

127
Q

what are the three divisions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

128
Q

how does the small intestine increase surface area

A

plicae circulares (circular folds), villi (folds in mucosa), microvilli (folds on each cell membrane), lacteals

129
Q

goblet cells

A

produce protective mucus

130
Q

endocrine cells

A

produce regulatory hormones

131
Q

granular cells

A

protects from bacteria

132
Q

peyer’s patches

A

lymphatic nodules

133
Q

ileocecal junction

A

where ileum meets large intestine

134
Q

what are the four parts of large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

135
Q

what happens in the large intestine

A

absorption of water/salt and feces formation

136
Q

what are the four portions of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

137
Q

haustra

A

pouches in large intestine

138
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

made of smooth muscle

139
Q

external anal sphincter

A

made of skeletal muscle

140
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A

bile production, storage, detoxification, phagocytosis, synthesis

141
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A

left, right, caudate, quardate

142
Q

what does the porta on the liver contain

A

vessels, ducts, nerves

143
Q

path of bile

A

hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, duodenum

144
Q

what is the portal triad

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct at each corner of a lobule

145
Q

central vein

A

center of lobule which unites to form hepatic veins

146
Q

hepatic cord

A

made of hepatocytes and radiates from central vein

147
Q

bile canaliculus

A

between cells within cords

148
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

enlarged spaces filled with blood

149
Q

gallbladder is stimulated by what?

A

cholecystokinin

150
Q

what are gallstones

A

precipitated cholesterol

151
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food molecules

152
Q

absorption

A

molecules are moved out of digestive tract and into circulation

153
Q

what do lipases do

A

break triglycerides down

154
Q

lipoprotein

A

made of lipids and protein. lower density have higher amount of lipid and higher density have higher amount of protein

155
Q

aging on the digestive system

A

decrease mucus layer, CT, muscles, and secretions, increased susceptibility to infections

156
Q

difference between essential and nonessential nutrients

A

essential must be ingested cannot be made. nonessential can be made in body

157
Q

examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose
sucrose, maltose, lactose
starch, glycogen, cellulose

Anatomy and Physiology II (3 decks)

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