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Immunohematology - 4444 > Test 2: ABO Blood Group System > Flashcards

Test 2: ABO Blood Group System Flashcards

1
Q

Who do you report to if you break compliance with the FDA?

A

CBER

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2
Q

What are the three main regulatory agencies of Blood Bank?

A

-FDA
-CDC
-AABB

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3
Q

What agency is under the CDC that is who is reported to voluntarily?

These reports do not change regulations (unlike many other countries)

A

NHSN

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4
Q

-Regulatory agency that only does blood bank
-Voluntary accreditation

A

AABB

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5
Q

-standards for BBTS
-CAP, COLA, CLIA, etc

A

AABB

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6
Q

_______ is over AABB but AABB tells them what to do/change.

A

FDA

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7
Q

What does T/S and T/C mean?

A

-type and screen order
-type and cross order

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8
Q

How do you identify a patient?

A

must have TWO independent patient identifiers

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9
Q

What could be used for patient identification?

A

-Name
-DOB
-MRN

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10
Q

What should NEVER be used as a patient identifier?

A

-accession number
-visit/financial number

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11
Q

When should a patient’s sample be labeled?

A

AT THE BEDSIDE (aka immediately after collection)

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12
Q

Should a patient’s sample be labeled before or after collection?

A

after

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13
Q

What else should be included on the patients sample label?

A

Date/Time of collection &
collecting personnel ID

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14
Q

What is different and what is the same for Pink top and purple top tubes?

A

Pink- used for blood bank (plasma)
purple- for hematology (plasma)

they are both EDTA

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15
Q

What is another collection tube that is acceptable for blood bank besides pink top?

A

red- no anticoagulant or preservative, used for serum

(compliment gets activated —> clots)

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16
Q
  • EDTA binds ____ and ____ that inhibits complement activity —> no clotting
A

Calcium, magnesium

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17
Q

Why are pink top tubes preferred for DAT and elutions?

A

Due to lack of fibrin which causes false positives

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18
Q

What should you do if there is a delay in testing?

A

(Check this one). ????

-refrigerate
-greater than 48 hours -remove serum from cells, freeze

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19
Q

When do specimens intended for compatibility testing expire?

A

on the 3rd day at midnight

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20
Q

What is the storage protocol for specimens?

A

Refrigerated until 7 days post transfusion

(keep 10 days total just in case need transfusion or need to test again in the case of patient death (even without transfusion))

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21
Q

What testing is done prior to any blood transfusion? (unless emergent)

A
  1. Type (two tests)
    • Blood type: A, B, AB or O
    • Rh: Positive or Negative
  2. Screen
    • Antibody detection:
      unexpected antibodies
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22
Q

What is Landsteiner’s rule (law)?

A

healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies directed toward the A or B antigen that is absent from their RBCs

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23
Q

ABO antigens are detected in the embryo as early as ___ to __ weeks’ gestation.

Full expression occurs at about ______ years of age.

A

5, 6

2 to 4

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24
Q

ABO antigens can be intrinsic to the RBC membrane or _________ (body fluids)

A

soluble

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25
Q

Newborns’ RBCs have fewer numbers and ________ developed antigens

A

partially

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26
Q

this blood typing test looks for the presence or absence of A and B ANTIGENS

A

Forward typing

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27
Q

this blood typing tests patients serum/plasma for presence or absence of anti-A and anti-B (ANTIBODIES)

A

reverse typing aka back typing

-It is a confirmatory test for the forward blood typing

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28
Q

When would a blood typing test must be done by hand?

A

for hyperlipemic samples if it is greater than 2+ lipemic

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29
Q

Blood bank rarely rejects samples due to quality unless contaminated with __________.

A

IV fluid

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30
Q

What is a positive reaction grade for forward typing?

A

*** 3-4+ = antigen present

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31
Q

What is a positive reaction grade for reverse typing?

A

*** 2-4+ = antibody is present

32
Q

What is added to the test tube for forward typing?

A

-1 drop of antisera (anti-A or anti-B)
-1 drop of cells suspension

33
Q

What is added to the test tube for reverse typing?

A

-2 drops of serum/plasma
-1 drop reagent A1 cell or B cell

34
Q

What is the % of each blood type for the white population?

A

O: 45%
A: 40
B: 11
AB: 4

35
Q

What is the % of each blood type for the black population?

A

O: 49%
A: 27
B: 20
AB: 4

36
Q

What is the % of each blood type for the Asian population?

A

O: 40%
A: 28
B: 27
AB: 5

37
Q

Chromosome ___ – A, B or O (amorph)

A

9

38
Q

the genetics of blood type exhibits ________ expression.

O is the _______

A

codominant

-O being the autosomal recessive trait

39
Q

What does “double dose” refer to?

A

when the blood genotype is homozygous so there will be more expression of that type

40
Q

variation of antigen expression due to the number of alleles present

A

dosage

41
Q

Genes at ____ separate loci influence the occurrence and location of ABO antigens: ABO, H, Se

A

3

42
Q

the gene that encodes the ABO antigen carbohydrates is on what chromosome?

A

chromosome 9

43
Q

The presence or absence of the ABH antigens on the RBC membrane is controlled by the _____ gene
* FUT1 on chromosome 19

A

H

44
Q

The presence or absence of the ABH antigens in
secretions is influenced by the ____ gene
* FUT2 on chromosome 19

A

Se

45
Q

amorph blood type ,meaning no functional gene product is produced from this sequence of DNA

A

O

46
Q

FUT2 on chromosome 19 —–> ____ gene

A

Se

47
Q

FUT1 on chromosome 19 ——> _____ gene

A

H

48
Q

The ____________ chain is a basic precursor structure for several RBC antigens, including A, B, and H

A

oligosaccharide

-Attached to a protein or lipid carrier molecule

49
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 oligosaccharide chains?

A

Type1: body fluids and secretions (beta1 —> 3 linkage)
Type 2: red blood cells and body fluids and secretions (beta1 —> 4 linkage)

50
Q

The ____ antigen is the
foundation for the A and/or
B antigens

A

H

51
Q

*H antigen:

gene product?
immunodominant sugar?

A

L-Fucosyltransferase

L-Fucose

52
Q

*A antigen:

gene product?
immunodominant sugar?

A

N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

N-Acetylgalactosamine

53
Q

*B antigen:

gene product?
immunodominant sugar?

A

D-Galactosyltransferase

D-Galactose

54
Q

The H gene codes for a
_____________ enzyme
that transfers the
immunodominant sugar, Lfucose, to the terminal sugar of the oligosaccharide chain (Type 2)

A

glucosyltransferase

55
Q

*** Order of blood types with the most H antigens to the fewest H antigens

A

O, A2, B, A2B, A1, A1B

56
Q

If you do not have H then ___ and ____ cannot be present.

A

A, B

57
Q

What is used to distinguish A1 from A2 red cells?

A

Dolichos biflorus (anti-A1)

58
Q

What does Dolichos biflorus agglutination with?
what does it not agglutinate with?

A

A1

A2

59
Q

Which A type is branched?

A

A1

60
Q

____% A1 and A1B
____% are A2 and A2B

A

80

20

61
Q

What is called when the RBCs lack the H antigen (hh)?

A

Bombay

-rare but more common in India

62
Q

The h gene is an ______ and results in little or no production of Lfucosyltransferase

A

amorph

63
Q

What blood type contains antibodies to H, A, and B?

A

Bombay

64
Q

Why can type O RBCs not be given to Bombay type?

A

the H antigen is present

only autologous units or rare donor files can be used

65
Q

***What A type is associated with mixed field?

A

A3

-also B3, but most hospitals do not test for this because it is not prevalent

66
Q

Which A type has the most antigen sites?

A

A1 (810-1170)

67
Q

What lectin is associated with anti-B?

A

Bandeiraea simplicifolia

68
Q

What lectin is associated with anti-H?

A

Ulex europaeus

69
Q

What % of the population are secretors (SeSe or Sese)?

A

80%

70
Q

What can be done to establish ABO group when serologic testing was difficult?

A

ABH secretions

71
Q

___ gene needed for ABH soluble antigens to be present in
secretions

A

Se

72
Q

What type of transfusion is required in whole blood transfusions?

A

-ABO identical unit
-low titer group O whole blood

73
Q

what is the universal donor for RBC transfusions?
plasma transfusions?

A

O

AB

74
Q

What is the universal recipient for RBC transfusions?
Plasma transfusions?

A

-AB

-O (type A in emergent situations)

75
Q

If a recipient is Group
A, what can the donor be for…
whole blood, red blood cells, and plasma?

A

Whole blood: A

Red blood cells: A, O

Plasma: A, AB

76
Q

If a recipient is Group
O, what can the donor be for…
whole blood, red blood cells, and plasma?

A

Whole blood: O

Red blood cells: O

Plasma: O, A, B, AB

Immunohematology - 4444 (17 decks)

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