Test 2 A&P lecture Flashcards
what is hematopoiesis?
creating blood cells in red bone marrow
what is pTH
parathryoid gland, regulates calcium (& helps break down bone??)
Where is calcitonin from?
One of the hormones secreted from parathyroid gland
what is interstitial and appositional growth
interstitial growth is increase in length, appositional growth is increase in width
what does calmodulin and calsequestrin do
return calcium back to the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), also calmodulin is for smooth muscle
what is oxygen debt
after excersizing, your body is recovering all the mitochondria, getting rid of lactic acid (takes 48 hours), refilling myofibrils and glycogen aswell
forms of energy in muscle
creatine phosphate - short term energy
glycogen - like 2 atp, next to creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration - 36-38 atp long term energy
glycogen and creatine phosphate are anearobic
no atp =
fatigue
fast glycolytic; describe and give example
anaerobic, white, less atp and myoglobin, using energy very fast like a runner, or weightlifter
slow oxidative; describe and give an example
red, lots of myoglobin and atp, endurance, long term, like a marathon runner
as voltage increase (what else increases)
motor units (recruitment)
isometric and isotonic (2 phases of isotonic aswell)
isometric length does not chance, good for posture, tension and tone (plank)
isotonic length does change:
eccentric: ex going down is easier
concentric: going back up against the weight
what is wave summation
you don’t let the muscle relax, and as it’s in the middle of relaxing, shock it and each contraction is stronger than the next
what is recruitment
motor units, and all the motor neurons and fibers it stimulates recruiting more and more
what is it called when the myosin head binds to the myosin binding site
cross bridge
what ist it called during muscle contraction where actin is pulled towards the m line
power stroke (2 atp is needed to attach and let go)
what is it called when one is out of ATP
rigor mortis
what is latent period and lag time
Latent period : time needed to release Ca 2+ (calcium)
Relaxation period : time needed for Ca 2+ to return back to the SR by ACTIVE Transport
what is released as a relaxing process
ACh E is released to destroy ACh and allows muscles to rest, to not be overly relaxed or continuously stimulated
where is ACh stored
vessiscles
you can stimulate a neuron:
electrically or chemically
ACh (neurotransmitter) inhibits and and stimulates:
inhibits cardiac muscle, stimulates skeletal muscle
what goes down a motor neuron
nerve action potential
what is tetany and what muscles have it
tetany just means stiff, skeletal muscles have tetany and fatigue
treppe
higher contracting each time, but allowing yourself to fully relax
muscle fibers for everyone is ___________, a bigger person will have more _______ , but ______
muscle fibers for everyone is different, however a bigger person may have more mitochondria and myofibrils, but the number of muscle fibers itself stay the same
hypertrophy and atrophy
hypertrophy = bigger muscles
atrophy = smaller muscles from disuse (lesser muscle fibers and size)
what do muscle action potential go through?
t-tubules
what stores calcium
the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr)
kids with dystrophy have their what messed up:
dystrophin
less myoglobin is what color
more myoglobin is what color:
less myoglobin: white
more myoglobin : red
what is the source of oxygen for muscles
myoglobin
Depolarization and Repolarization
Depolarization: membrane potential becomes positive, so sodium channels open and allow it to enter the cell
Repolarization: returns to resting state, allowing potassium ions to leave the cell which are a negative charge
what forms on the sacrolemma
muscle action potential
do thin filaments change length
NO, they overlap
smooth muscle you have ____ instead of ____-
calmodulin instead of troponin
thick filaments have what:
myosin head
thin filaments have what:
the string: tropomyosin
the bundle: troponin
balls : actin
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what maintains posture, tension, tone
the central nervous system and elastin/titin
bone to bone is what
ligament
muscle to bone
tendon
cardiac muscle:
contains desmosomes, gap junctions and intercalated discs (the lines going up and down)
-striated (the strings)
-involuntary
sarcomeres go from what:
z disc to z disc
what are the functions of muscles
exictability ; ability to respond electrically and chemically
contractility ; shorten
extensibility ; lengthen
elasticity ; like rubberbands
what does the sarcolemma cover
muscle cell
many muscle fibers make up a what:
muscle cell
many myofibrils make up what:
muscle fiber
importance of estrogen in women
estrogen contributes to bone strength, so when women hit menopause at about 55, their bones begin to weaken
wrist break is called what
coles
what happens in order during a bone break
hematom is formed (mass of clotted blood), then the fibrocartilage mesh, calification, ossification and then bone remodeling
what is a break in the ankle called
potts
what is greenstick
a type of fracture, when a bone bends one direction without breaking into 2 pieces
what is wolfs law
our body changes according to mechanical stress
recall steps of crossbridge cycling
myosin heads binds to the myosin bidning site
this requires an ATP to bind and moving the tropomyosin
the actin is being pulled closer and closer towards the m-line (as the power stroke is occurring, ADP and Pi are released)
once contraction is reached, another ATP is required to let go (calcium binds back to actin to close the tropomyosin?)
recall steps of muscle contraction and relaxation
- action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction
- causes ACh to be released through vessicles allowing for ACh to be binded to the recepters on the sarcolemma
- once this is binded, it opens a sodium concentration gradient to excite the contraction
- the action potential goes along the t-tubules thus causing calcium to be released within the thin and thick filaments (see the sliding model) and contraction with the interaction of thin and thick
relaxing:
- atp is required, but calcium is reabsorbed to begin relaxtion
dip or ditch in a bone
fossa
axial skeleton
skull, chest and vertebral column (clavicle is included)
osteoblasts
build bone
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what do osteoblasts turn into
osteocytes
osteocytes
involved in bone remodeling, bone deposition and resorption (transmits singlas to other osteocytes)
bones are what tissue and thus what
bones are connective tissue:
thus have a matrix
the matrix consists of minerals (ground substance) and fibers (collagen)
what is the basic unit of compact bone
osteon
what connects one osteon to another
volksmann/perforated canal
interstitial growth adds to what
the diaphysis
what are the 4 zones of epiphyseal plate
- resting cartilage
- proliferating cartilage (multiply)
- hypertrophy cartilage
- calcified cartilage
what is ossification
turning spongy to compact bone
hydroxyapatite
form of calcium in the bone
epichondrial ossification
replacement of hyaline cartilage with the bone
- mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, and secrete an extracellular matrix to form cartilage
mesenchymal intra cells are the starter
