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A&P 1 Lab > Test 2 A&P lecture > Flashcards

Test 2 A&P lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

creating blood cells in red bone marrow

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2
Q

what is pTH

A

parathryoid gland, regulates calcium (& helps break down bone??)

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3
Q

Where is calcitonin from?

A

One of the hormones secreted from parathyroid gland

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4
Q

what is interstitial and appositional growth

A

interstitial growth is increase in length, appositional growth is increase in width

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5
Q

what does calmodulin and calsequestrin do

A

return calcium back to the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), also calmodulin is for smooth muscle

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6
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

after excersizing, your body is recovering all the mitochondria, getting rid of lactic acid (takes 48 hours), refilling myofibrils and glycogen aswell

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7
Q

forms of energy in muscle

A

creatine phosphate - short term energy
glycogen - like 2 atp, next to creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration - 36-38 atp long term energy
glycogen and creatine phosphate are anearobic

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8
Q

no atp =

A

fatigue

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9
Q

fast glycolytic; describe and give example

A

anaerobic, white, less atp and myoglobin, using energy very fast like a runner, or weightlifter

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10
Q

slow oxidative; describe and give an example

A

red, lots of myoglobin and atp, endurance, long term, like a marathon runner

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11
Q

as voltage increase (what else increases)

A

motor units (recruitment)

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12
Q

isometric and isotonic (2 phases of isotonic aswell)

A

isometric length does not chance, good for posture, tension and tone (plank)
isotonic length does change:
eccentric: ex going down is easier
concentric: going back up against the weight

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13
Q

what is wave summation

A

you don’t let the muscle relax, and as it’s in the middle of relaxing, shock it and each contraction is stronger than the next

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14
Q

what is recruitment

A

motor units, and all the motor neurons and fibers it stimulates recruiting more and more

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15
Q

what is it called when the myosin head binds to the myosin binding site

A

cross bridge

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16
Q

what ist it called during muscle contraction where actin is pulled towards the m line

A

power stroke (2 atp is needed to attach and let go)

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17
Q

what is it called when one is out of ATP

A

rigor mortis

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18
Q

what is latent period and lag time

A

Latent period : time needed to release Ca 2+ (calcium)
Relaxation period : time needed for Ca 2+ to return back to the SR by ACTIVE Transport

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19
Q

what is released as a relaxing process

A

ACh E is released to destroy ACh and allows muscles to rest, to not be overly relaxed or continuously stimulated

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20
Q

where is ACh stored

A

vessiscles

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21
Q

you can stimulate a neuron:

A

electrically or chemically

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22
Q

ACh (neurotransmitter) inhibits and and stimulates:

A

inhibits cardiac muscle, stimulates skeletal muscle

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23
Q

what goes down a motor neuron

A

nerve action potential

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24
Q

what is tetany and what muscles have it

A

tetany just means stiff, skeletal muscles have tetany and fatigue

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25
Q

treppe

A

higher contracting each time, but allowing yourself to fully relax

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26
Q

muscle fibers for everyone is ___________, a bigger person will have more _______ , but ______

A

muscle fibers for everyone is different, however a bigger person may have more mitochondria and myofibrils, but the number of muscle fibers itself stay the same

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27
Q

hypertrophy and atrophy

A

hypertrophy = bigger muscles
atrophy = smaller muscles from disuse (lesser muscle fibers and size)

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28
Q

what do muscle action potential go through?

A

t-tubules

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29
Q

what stores calcium

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr)

30
Q

kids with dystrophy have their what messed up:

A

dystrophin

31
Q

less myoglobin is what color
more myoglobin is what color:

A

less myoglobin: white
more myoglobin : red

32
Q

what is the source of oxygen for muscles

A

myoglobin

33
Q

Depolarization and Repolarization

A

Depolarization: membrane potential becomes positive, so sodium channels open and allow it to enter the cell
Repolarization: returns to resting state, allowing potassium ions to leave the cell which are a negative charge

34
Q

what forms on the sacrolemma

A

muscle action potential

35
Q

do thin filaments change length

A

NO, they overlap

36
Q

smooth muscle you have ____ instead of ____-

A

calmodulin instead of troponin

37
Q

thick filaments have what:

A

myosin head

38
Q

thin filaments have what:

A

the string: tropomyosin
the bundle: troponin
balls : actin

39
Q

w

what maintains posture, tension, tone

A

the central nervous system and elastin/titin

40
Q

bone to bone is what

A

ligament

41
Q

muscle to bone

A

tendon

42
Q

cardiac muscle:

A

contains desmosomes, gap junctions and intercalated discs (the lines going up and down)
-striated (the strings)
-involuntary

43
Q

sarcomeres go from what:

A

z disc to z disc

44
Q

what are the functions of muscles

A

exictability ; ability to respond electrically and chemically
contractility ; shorten
extensibility ; lengthen
elasticity ; like rubberbands

45
Q

what does the sarcolemma cover

A

muscle cell

46
Q

many muscle fibers make up a what:

A

muscle cell

47
Q

many myofibrils make up what:

A

muscle fiber

48
Q

importance of estrogen in women

A

estrogen contributes to bone strength, so when women hit menopause at about 55, their bones begin to weaken

49
Q

wrist break is called what

A

coles

50
Q
A
50
Q

what happens in order during a bone break

A

hematom is formed (mass of clotted blood), then the fibrocartilage mesh, calification, ossification and then bone remodeling

51
Q

what is a break in the ankle called

A

potts

52
Q
A
53
Q

what is greenstick

A

a type of fracture, when a bone bends one direction without breaking into 2 pieces

54
Q

what is wolfs law

A

our body changes according to mechanical stress

55
Q

recall steps of crossbridge cycling

A

myosin heads binds to the myosin bidning site

this requires an ATP to bind and moving the tropomyosin

the actin is being pulled closer and closer towards the m-line (as the power stroke is occurring, ADP and Pi are released)

once contraction is reached, another ATP is required to let go (calcium binds back to actin to close the tropomyosin?)

56
Q

recall steps of muscle contraction and relaxation

A
  • action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction
  • causes ACh to be released through vessicles allowing for ACh to be binded to the recepters on the sarcolemma
  • once this is binded, it opens a sodium concentration gradient to excite the contraction
  • the action potential goes along the t-tubules thus causing calcium to be released within the thin and thick filaments (see the sliding model) and contraction with the interaction of thin and thick

relaxing:
- atp is required, but calcium is reabsorbed to begin relaxtion

57
Q

dip or ditch in a bone

A

fossa

58
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, chest and vertebral column (clavicle is included)

59
Q

osteoblasts

A

build bone

60
Q

```

~~~

what do osteoblasts turn into

A

osteocytes

61
Q

osteocytes

A

involved in bone remodeling, bone deposition and resorption (transmits singlas to other osteocytes)

62
Q

bones are what tissue and thus what

A

bones are connective tissue:
thus have a matrix
the matrix consists of minerals (ground substance) and fibers (collagen)

63
Q

what is the basic unit of compact bone

A

osteon

64
Q

what connects one osteon to another

A

volksmann/perforated canal

65
Q

interstitial growth adds to what

A

the diaphysis

66
Q

what are the 4 zones of epiphyseal plate

A
  • resting cartilage
  • proliferating cartilage (multiply)
  • hypertrophy cartilage
  • calcified cartilage
67
Q

what is ossification

A

turning spongy to compact bone

68
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

form of calcium in the bone

69
Q

epichondrial ossification

A

replacement of hyaline cartilage with the bone
- mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, and secrete an extracellular matrix to form cartilage

70
Q

mesenchymal intra cells are the starter

A

A&P 1 Lab (7 decks)

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