Chapter 8 & 9 Flashcards
1. Function of the bones (skeletal system) 2. Classification of bones based on shape 3. Long bone general model description (text associated with figure 8.3) 4. Components of the osteon (text associated with figure 8.5) 5. Number of bones 6. Bone markings
Which of the following tissues is not part of a bone as an organ?
a. dense connective
b. cartilage
c. muscle
d. blood
muscle
The organic matter of living bone includes
a. calcium phosphate
b. collagen fibers
c. calcium carbonate
d. magnesium fluoride
collagen fibers
The ______ is an example of a sesamoid bone
a. vertebra
b. femur
c. carpal
d. patella
patella
The epiphyseal plate represents the
a. ends of the epiphyses
b. shaft between the epiphyses
c. growth zone of hyaline cartilage
d. membrane around a bone
growth zone of hyaline cartilage
The central canal of a bone osten contains
a. blood vessels and nerves
b. osteocytes
c. red bone marrow
d. yellow bone marrow
blood vessels and nerves
A ____ is an example of an irregular bone
a. femure
b. carpal
c. rib
d. vertebra
vertebra
A femur includes both compact and spongy bone tissues
true or false
true
Chicken bones, with both organic and inorganic components, possess the quality of tensile strength
true or false
true
Trabeculae are structural characteristics of compact bone
true or false
false
Bone an organ of the skeletal system composed of what tissues
Variety; bone (osseous tissue), cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue
What is the extracellular matrix of the bone consisted of
One-third organic matter and two-thirds inorganic matter.
Organic Matter: Collagen ; flexibility and strength
Inorganic Matter: Hydroxyapatite ; mainly salt crystals with calcium phosphate (small amounts of calcium carbonate ions of Mg, Flouride, sodium)
Osteoblasts
Help form bone
How are osteocytes formed and what do they do?
Osteoblasts are formed into ostecytes, and osteocytes are vital to bone homeostasis,
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts dissove bone to release calcium salts
What are essential in remodeling the bone, as they deposit and release minerals in bone?
Osteblasts and osteoclasts
What can bones be classified as?
Long, short, flat and irregular
Long Bones
Longer than they are wide
Short bones
Cube shaped, similar lengths and wdiths
Sesamoid bone
Special type of short bone, small and embedded within a tendon near joints
Example; Patella
Flat Bones
Wide surfaces, sometimes curved
Example; Cranium
Irregular Bones
Numerous shapes and sizes, and articulations with one or more bone.
What type of bones are these: femure; humerus;phalanges
long bones
what type of bones are these:
carpals; tarsals; sesamoid bones
short
what types of bones are these:
ribs; scapula; sternum; most cranial bones
flat bones
what types of bones are these:
vertebra; some bones in the face (sphenoid)
irregular
Refer to figure 8.1
Can you identify the:
- The Epiphyseal Plates
- Long Bone (Phalanx)
- Proxial Epiphysis
- Long Bone (metacarpal)
- Short Bone (carpal)
- Distal Epiphysis
- Long Bone (ulna)
Refer to figure 8.2
Can you identify:
- Proximal Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
- Distal Epiphysis
- Epiphyseal Lines (former plates)
- Red Bone Marrow
- Compact Bone
- Yellow Bone Marrow
- Periosteum
- Endosteum Location
- Medullary (marrow) cavity
- Spongy Bone
- Epiphyseal Line
osteon (haversian system)
cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone
central canal (haversian canal; osteonic canal)
contains blood vessels and nerves
conecntric lamella
concentric ring of matrix around central canal of osteon
interstitial lamella
matrix between osteons composed of the remains of old osteons
lacuna
small chamber for an osteocyte
bone extracellular matrix
collagen and calcium phosphate
canaliculus
minute tube containing cellular process
perforating (Volkmann) canal
runs perpendicular to central canal, contains blood vessel and nerves
What is located in the spaces of bones and what does it do?
Bone marrow is located in the spaces, red bone marrow is very prevalent in children and produces red and white blood cells along with platelets, As they mature into adults, the red bone marrow becomes a fatty yellow bone marrow which holds fat as a form of energy.
Refer to figure 8.4 and identify
-Spongy Bone
- Compact Bone
- Trabeculae
- Perforating (Volkmann) Canal
- Periosteum
- Osteon
- Central Canal
- Concentric Lamella
- Lacuna with osteocyte
- Blood Vessels
- nerves
- Interstitial Lamella
- Circumferential Lamella
- Inside the Lacuna (Osteocyte, canaliculus with cellular process, and bone extracellular matrix)
test it
Refer to figure 8.5 identify:
- Osteon
- Lamella
- Bone extracellular matrix
- Central Canal
- Lacuna (occupied by osteocyte in living bone)
- Canaliculi
8b.
- Marrow cavity of spongy bone
- Tracebula of spongy bone
test yourself
True or False:
Compact bone has two layers with spongy bone in the middle
True (For skull bones)
The vertebral does not include a:
a. rib
b. vertebra
c. sacrum
d. coccyx
rib
The ____ bone is part of the pectoral girdle
a. humerus
b. sternum
c. rib
d. scapula
scapula, clavicle
A ______ is a very large projection on a bone
a. fossa
b. tubercle
c. trochanter
d. facet
trochanter
A ____ is a shallow depression on a bone
fossa
Bones that might form in the skull, but are not considered in the total number, are
a. cartilaginous bones
b. sutural bones
c. middle ear bones
d. sesamoid bones
sutural bones
The ________ is a bone in the upper limb
ulna
A bone in the lower limb is:
a. hip bone
b. radius
c. humerus
d. femur
femur
A ______ is a depression type of bone featuring (bone marking)
a. foramen
b. crest
c. sulcus
d. tuberosity
sulcus
The bones of the skull, face, neck, and trunk make up the appendicular skeleton
True or False
False
What is a spinous process?
Name them all
spikey upwards elevation/projection process for bone markings
– spine
- process
- eminence
- trochanter
- tuberosity
- crest
- protuberance
What is a tubercle and name them all?
Round upwards elevation/projection process bone marking
What is a sulcus and name them all
spikey downwards depression bone marking
- sulcus
- fissure
What is a fossa and name them all?
Round depression downwards bone marking
- fossa
- fovea
What bone markings allow a pathway?
- foramen (round)
- canal
- meatus
- facet (flat)
Name parts of axial skeleton and how many bones each part has:
skull
- cranium (8)
- face (14)
middle ear bone (6)
hyoid bone - supports tongue (1)
vertebral column
- vertebra (24)
- sacrum (1)
- coccyx (1)
thoracic cage
- rib (24)
- sternum (1)
Name all parts of appendicular skeleton and how many bones each part has:
pectoral girdle
- scapula (2)
- clavicle (2)
upper limbs
- humerus (2)
- radius (2)
- ulna (2)
- carpal (16)
- metacarpal (10)
- phalanx (28)
pelvic girdle
- hip bone (coxal bone; os coxa; pelvic bone; innominate bone) (2)
lower limbs
- femur (2)
- tibia (2)
- fibula (2)
- patella (2)
- tarsal (14)
- metatarsal (10)
- phalanx (28)
Name the 4 types of bone markings and describe them:
Projections : Sites for tendon and ligament attachment
Articulations: Where bones connect at a joint or articulate with each other
Depression: Recessed areas in bones
Openings: open spaces in bones
Name all projections:
crest - ridgelike
epicondyle - superior to condyle
line (linea) - slightly raised ridge
process - prominent
protuberance - outgrowth
spine - thornlike
trochanter - large; located on femur bone
tubercle - small, knoblike
tuberosity - rough elevation
Name all articulations and describe them:
condyle - rounded process
facet - nearly flat
head - expanded end
Name all depressions and describe them
alveolus - socket
fossa - shallow basin
fovea - tiny pit
notch - indentation on edge
sulcus - narrow groove
Name all openings and describe them:
canal - tubular passage
fissure - slit
foramen - hole
meatus - tubelike opening
sinus - cavity
Refer to figure 9.1 can you identify anterior/posterior view and:
- Cranial Bones
- Facial Bones
- Skull
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Humerus
- Vertebrae
- Radius
- Ulna
- Hip Bone
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges (in foot)
test yourself
Can you tell the difference of the skull for Skull
Lateral View
Anterior View
Superior View
Inferior View
test yourself
In the skull can you identify bone markings:
Lateral View:
- Meatus
- Process
- Ramus
- Alveolus
- Protuberance
- Sinuses
Anterior View:
- Fissures
Superior View:
- Fossa
- Canal
- Foramen
- Foramen (foramen magnum)
- Fossa
test yourself
Scapula bone markings
Process
Spine
Fossae
Hip bone bone markings
- Crest
- Line
- Notch
- Spine
- Notch
- Tuberosity
- Foramen (obturator foramen)
- Tubercle
- Ramus
Thoracic vertebra bone markings
- Process
- Foramen
- Facets
Femur bone markings
- Fovea
- Head
- Trochanters
- Line
- Epicondyles
- Condyles
Humerus bone markings
- Tubercles
- head
- Sulcus
- Tuberosity
- Fossa
- Condyle
