TEST 2

Question 1

Four Types of Blunt Force Trauma:

Answer 1

1. Abrasions2. Contusions3. Lacerations4. Fractures of the skeletal system

Question 2

Factors affecting the severity, extent and appearance of blunt force trauma injuries:

Answer 2

o Amount of force delivered to the body Time over which the force is delivered Region struck Extent of body surface over which the force is delivered Type of weapon Condition of body being struck

Question 3

An injury to the skin in which there is removal of the superficial epithelial layer of the skin (the epidermis) due to friction against a rough surface with resultant scraping away of the superficial portions of the epidermis, or destruction of the superficial layers by compression.

Answer 3

Abrasion:

Question 4

Three Types of Abrasions:

Answer 4

Scrape or brush abrasions (grazes or sliding) Impact abrasions (pressure abrasions) Patterned abrasions

Question 5

o Scrapes off the superficial layers of skino Leaves a denuded surfaceo May extend into the dermis causing capillary bleeding and deposition of serosanguineous fluid.o Most common type is a linear abrasion known as a scratch.o Severe case example is “road rash”.

Answer 5

Scrape or brush abrasions (grazes or sliding

Question 6

o The force is directed perpendicular to the skin, crushing it.o Commonly over bony prominences.o Commonly seen in individuals who collapse and hit their heads on the ground or some other object

Answer 6

Impact abrasions (pressure abrasions)

Question 7

o A variation of an impact abrasion.o Imprint of the offending object is imprinted or stamped on the skin by the crushing effect of the blunt object.

Answer 7

Patterned abrasions

Question 8

Four Stages of Healing in an Abrasion

Answer 8

1. Scab Formation 2. Epithelial Regeneration and Covering 3. Subepithelial Granulation 4. Regression of Epithelium and Granulation Tissue

Question 9

An area of hemorrhage into soft tissue due to rupture of blood vessels caused by blunt trauma. May also be present in internal organs

Answer 9

CONTUSION OR BRUISE

Question 10

a large focal collection of blood in an area of contusion.

Answer 10

Hematoma

Question 11

Contusions may or may not be

Answer 11

patterned

Question 12

Deep bruises may not be visible externally

Answer 12

incisions may be necessary to document these injuries

Question 13

The absence of a bruise or abrasion does not indicate

Answer 13

there has been no blunt force trauma to the specific area.

Question 14

The extent and severity of a contusion depends upon

Answer 14

The amount of force applied,o The structure and vascularity of the tissue that is injured

Question 15

Factors influencing the size of a contusion 4

Answer 15

o Ageo Sexo The condition and health of the victimo The site and type of tissues struc

Question 16

Replication Limitations and Accuracy in Documentation of Blunt Force Injury to Skin

Answer 16

“Skin is not the best medium to record detail.” (Bodziak, 143.)Photographing this type of evidence can be challenging and problematic due to the topography of the skin.

Question 17

Methods used for aging a bruise

Answer 17

Histology Color changes

Question 18

Conclusion: A bruise is described as either

Answer 18

recent or old

Question 19

Postmortem Contusions

Answer 19

May occur if a severe blow is delivered to a body within a few hours after death. May result from the surgical removal of the corneas or the globes of the eyes shortly after death. Scleral hemorrhaging may occur at the puncture site after acquiring vitreous. Hemorrhage into the eyelids may occur in cases of head trauma with orbital plate fracturing.

Question 20

LACERATIONS

Answer 20

A tear in tissue caused by either a shearing or a crushing force. Lacerations can occur in the internal organs as well as in the skin. Lacerations of the skin tend to be irregular with abraded and contused margins. Lacerations are caused by blows from blunt objects or falls. Lacerations occur most commonly over bony prominence

Question 21

Fractures of the Extremities 2 types

Answer 21

1. Direct 2. Indirect Application of Force

Question 22

Direct Application of Force:

Answer 22

Penetrating fractures Focal fractures Crush fractures

Question 23

Indirect Application of Force

Answer 23

Traction Angulation Rotational Vertical compression Angulation and compression Angulation, rotation and compression

Question 24

Occur primarily in bone disease and tumors of bone

Answer 24

Pathologic rib fractures

Question 25

Occur during CPR

Answer 25

Iatrogenic rib fractures

Question 26

Sudden death from impact, baseball, karate kick

Answer 26

Commotio Cordis