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GI/GU Diag > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

0
Q

In the 1st 2 years post-surgery, by-pass pts will lose on avg what % of their excess weight?

A

62%

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1
Q

Nausea, diarrhea, & dizziness assoc. w/ gastric bypass surgery is known as what?

A

Dumping Syndrome

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2
Q

In 1st 2 years post surgery, banding pts will lose an avg of what % of excess weight?

A

47%

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3
Q

The thin vacuum-powered tube used in liposuction is known as what?

A

Cannula

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4
Q

Tightly packed collections of partially digested or undigested material that is unable to exit the stomach

A

Bezoars

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5
Q

Bezoars often occur in pts w/ what?

A

Gastroparesis (abnormal gastric emptying)

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6
Q

Bezoars sometimes produce what symptoms?

A

Gastric outlet obstruction (fullness, nausea, vomiting, pain, GI bleeding)

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7
Q

Where is the M/C site for impaction?

A

Esophagus

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of abdominal pain that is parietal in origin?

A

Precise onset
Stabbing or shooting
Constant & severe

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of abdominal pain that is visceral in origin?

A

Vague or less precise onset
Cramping or gassy
Intermittent, crescendo/decrescendo pattern

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10
Q

Abdominal pain that occurs ever 5-10 mins suggests what? 10-15 mins?

A

Small bowel peristalsis problem; large bowl peristalsis problem

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11
Q

Abdominal pain at night could indicate what?

A

Ulcer

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12
Q

Abdominal pain in women that occurs monthly could indicate what?

A

Endometrious

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13
Q

Describe the location of parietal pain

A

Muscular pain precisely located

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14
Q

Describe the location of visceral pain

A

Diffuse, difficult to pinpoint

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15
Q

How does a pt get relief from parietal pain?

A

Avoid provoking movement

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16
Q

What position do pt’s find relief from visceral pain in?

A

No position change is of any help

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17
Q

Abdominal pain may cause symptoms assoc. w/ what other types of diseases?

A

GI disease
Urinary disease
Gynecological disease

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18
Q

Acute pain in the abdomen is called what until a precise dx is made?

A

Acute abdomen

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19
Q

Chronic pain in the abdomen is typical of what?

A

Cancer

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20
Q

What are the two types of visceral organs?

A

Hollow organs

Solid organs

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21
Q

What type of pain pattern is assoc. w/ hollow organs?

A

Waxing/waning pattern, in a crescendo-decrescendo type wave pattern

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22
Q

What pain pattern is assoc. w/ solid organs?

A

Produce a constant pain

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23
Q

Visceral pain is typically described as what?

A

Vague
Poorly localized
Dull
Nauseating

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24
Q

Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneal cavity) is usually from what?

A

Perforations; Can also be caused from any abdominal condition that produces marked inflammation

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25
Q

What are some of the negative effects of peritonitis?

A

Causes fluid shifts into peritoneal cavity & bowel leading to severe dehydration & electrolyte disturbances which can lead to respiratory distress, kidney failure & liver failure

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26
Q

What conditions should be considered w/ RUQ pain?

A

Cholecystitis
Biliary Colic (spasms)
Hepatitis
Perforated Duodenal Ulcer

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27
Q

What conditions should be considered w/ LUQ pain?

A

Gastritis (TQ)
Splenic disorders
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pancreatitis (TQ)

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28
Q

What conditions should be considered w/ Epigastric pain?

A 
Acute pancreatitis (TQ)
Herpes zoster
Lower lobe pneumonia
Myocardial Ischemia
Radiculitis
Ulcer (TQ)
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29
Q

What conditions should be considered w/ RLQ pain?

A

Appendicitis (TQ)
Diverticulitis (TQ)
Ovarian Disorders
Fallopian tube disorders

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30
Q

What conditions should be considered w/ LLQ pain?

A 
Sigmoid diverticulitis (TQ)
Ovarian Disorders
Fallopian Tube disorders
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31
Q

This is assoc. w/ ecchymosis (large bruising) of the flanks

A

Grey Turner’s Sign

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32
Q

What ds is Grey Turner’s sign usually assoc. w/?

A

Acute pancreatitis

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33
Q

This is ecchymosis around the umbilicus

A

Cullen’s Sign

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34
Q

What diseases is Cullen’s sign assoc. w/?

A

Pancreatitis

Hemorrhagic peritonitis

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35
Q

These are sounds produced by fluids/gases being forced thru the intestines

A

Borborygmi

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36
Q

Severe pain w/ a silent abdomen suggests what?

A

Peritonitis

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37
Q

Back pain w/ shock suggests what?

A

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

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38
Q

What symptoms are common in all types of perforations?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia

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39
Q

How are perforations diagnosed?

A

Presence of free air in the abdomen on x-rays

40
Q

What is the suggested cause of an appendicitis?

A

Results from obstruction of appendix lumen either by lymphoid hyperplasia or a fecalith (a hard stony mass of feces) or a foreign body

41
Q

Acute inflammation of the appendix usually results in what symptoms?

A

Abdominal pain
Anorexia
Abdominal tenderness

42
Q

What are classic symptoms of an acute appendicitis?

A

Epigastric or periumbilical pain followed by brief nausea, vomiting, & anorexia. After a few hours, the pain shifts to the RLQ

43
Q

An appendicitis can be detected using a rebound tenderness test over what point?

A

McBurney’s point

44
Q

This is an indication of peritonitis in which pain is felt upon severe release of steadily applied pressure on a suspected area of abdomen

A

Blumberg’s Sign

45
Q

This pain felt in the RLQ w/ palpation of LLQ. Increase pain is indicative of appendicitis

A

Rovsing’s Sign

46
Q

This is increased pain from passive extension of the R hip joint

A

Psoas Sign

47
Q

This is pain upon passive internal rotation of flexed R thigh

A

Obturator Sign

48
Q

What is the M/C cause of acute abdominal pain requiring surgery?

A

Acute appendicitis

49
Q

What s/s is assoc. w/ acute peritonitis?

A

Absence of peristalsis

50
Q

What’s the difference b/w where the pain starts w/ appendicitis vs acute peritonitis?

A

Pain beings in epigastric region or periumbilical area for an appendicitis vs localized or generalized over the whole abdomen for acute peritonitis

51
Q

What’s the difference in the course of symptoms b/w appendicitis vs acute peritonitis?

A

Appendicitis has a brief course of nausea & vomiting whereas acute peritonitis has nausea & vomiting throughout

52
Q

What type of fever is assoc. w/ appendicitis? Acute peritonitis?

A

Low grade fever (100-101); High fever (>103)

53
Q

Describe peristalsis activity assoc. w/ an appendicitis? Acute peritonitis?

A

Slowed or absent; Always absent

54
Q

What are the M/C etiologies of intestinal obstruction?

A

Adhesions
Hernias
Tumors

55
Q

Which type of intestinal obstructions typically do not require surgery?

A

Partial obstructions

56
Q

Which type of obstruction does not compromise intestinal blood supply?

A

Simple (Strangulating does)

57
Q

How rapidly do symptoms assoc. w/ small bowel obstruction usually occur?

A

Shortly after onset of obstruction

58
Q

Tumors that cause obstruction of the large bowel usually occur where?

A

Splenic & sigmoid flexures

59
Q

Diverticulitis assoc. w/ obstruction of the large bowl most often occur where?

A

Sigmoid colon

60
Q

What is the M/C site of volvulus?

A

Sigmoid colon

61
Q

What type of deformity seen on x-ray is assoc. w/ obstruction of the large bowel?

A

Bird-beak deformity

62
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance or blood clot is known as what?

A

Embolism

63
Q

Formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel

A

Thrombosis

64
Q

X-ray via barium enema will show _______ which is diagnostic of ischemic colitis

A

Thumb-printing

65
Q

How is pancreatitis diagnosed?

A

Dx is one of exclusion

66
Q

What are etiologies of pancreatitis?

A

Alcohol abuse

Gallstone blockage of bile

67
Q

What are the M/C causes of Acute Pancreatitis?

A 
Biliary tract ds from gallstones producing ductal P d/t to distention of duct
Chronic heavy alcohol intake
Trauma
Organ abnormalities
Use of prescription drugs
Unknown etiology (~15% of cases)
68
Q

What are symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

A

Severe pain - steady, boring (knife-like) in upper ab areas (epigastric)
Eating aggravates pain

69
Q

What is the M/C cause of fat malabsorption in adults in US?

A

Chronic Pancreatitis

70
Q

What are s/s of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Steatorrhea
Diarrhea
Grey-Turner Sign
Cullen’s Sign

71
Q

This is the M/C life-shortening genetic ds in Caucasion pop.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

72
Q

What is the initial sign of cystic fibrosis?

A

Obstruction of viscous meconium (meconium ileus) that may cause perforation of bowel or rectal prolapse or volvulus

73
Q

What causes black stool?

A 
Blood (upper GI)
Licorice
Lead
Iron pills
Blueberries
Pepto-Bismol
74
Q

What causes green stool?

A

Increase in bile
Lots of green leafy veggies
Taking chlorophyll tablets
Normal in breastfed babies

75
Q

What causes red stool?

A 
Frank blood (lower GI)
Lots of beets or tomatoes
76
Q

What causes grey (pale/chalky white stools)?

A

Indicative of liver problems
Indicative of pancreas problems
Indicative of gallbladder problems

77
Q

What causes yellow stools?

A 
Increase in bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia-Gilbert's syndrome)
Parasite infection (M/C is giardia)
78
Q

How does chronic constipation differ from acute constipation as far as etiology?

A

Chronic can be either physiological or functional whereas acute is usually just physiological cause

79
Q

What are the different types of laxatives?

A 
Wetting agents (soften stool)
Osmotic agents (speed up defecation; used for colonoscopy)
Bulking agents (contain fiber)
80
Q

Fever plus bloody diarrhea is what type of diarrhea?

A

Inflammatory diarrhea

81
Q

Type of chronic diarrhea that occurs when unabsorbable H20-soluble solutes remain in bowel & retain H20. Occurs w/ sugar intolerance.

A

Osmotic Diarrhea

82
Q

Type of chronic diarrhea that occurs when bowels secrete more electrolytes & water than they absorb. Typically assoc. w/ bacterial toxins

A

Secretory Diarrhea

83
Q

Type of chronic diarrhea that occurs w/ some infections & diseases that cause mucosal inflammation or ulcerations (Crohn’s, Ulcerative Colitis, TB, Lymphomas, Cancer

A

Inflammatory Diarrhea

84
Q

Type of chronic diarrhea that occurs when chyme is not in contact long enough w/ adequate absorptive surface of GI tract, which causes too much water to remain in stool

A

Diarrhea d/t decreased absorption time AKA Motility disorders, Acceleration of intestinal transit

85
Q

Type of chronic diarrhea that may be result of either/both osmotic or secretory mechanisms. Hallmark of this condition is wt loss & nutritional def.

A

Malabsorption-Related Diarrhea

86
Q

This is a functional bowel disorder & is considered a motility disorder that involves the entire GI tract

A

IBS AKA mucus colitis, colonic spasms, nervous colon, spastic colon

87
Q

What are symptoms assoc. w/ IBS?

A 
Tends to begin in the teens & early 20's
Does not awaken pt from sleep
Abdominal pain typically in LLQ or suprapubic
Abdominal cramping
Constipation or diarrhea (or both)
Abdominal bloating
No blood in stool
88
Q

IBS is diagnosed using the Rome Criteria which includes disturbed defecation involving at least 2 of what symptoms?

A 
Altered stool freq.
Altered stool form
Altered stool passage
Passage of mucus in the stool
Bloating or a feeling of distention
89
Q

This is inflammation of the lining of stomach & both intestines

A

Gastroenteritis

90
Q

What are the M/C causes of gastroenteritis?

A

Viruses

91
Q

What symptoms are assoc. w/ malabsorption syndrome?

A 
Chronic diarrhea (M/C symptom)
Steatorrhea
Abdominal bloating
Gas 
Weight loss
92
Q

What is the M/C form of CHO intolerance?

A

Lactase deficiency

93
Q

This is an autoimmune ds in people that have gluten intolerance resulting in mucosal inflammation which leads to malabsorption. GLIADIN fraction of gluten (?)

A

Celiac Sprue AKA Non-tropical spruce, Gluten enteropathy, Celiac disease

94
Q

Acquired ds of unknown etiology probably related to bacterial, viral, or parasite infections or from rancid fats used in cooking. May be from a chronic infection of the small bowel by strains of coliform bacteria. Chiefly found in the Caribbean, Southern india, & Southeast Asia, it affects both natives & visitors

A

Tropical Sprue

95
Q

Primary symptoms assoc. w/ Tropical sprue

A

Acute diarrhea

Steatorrhea

96
Q

Rare systemic illness caused by the bacterium Tropheryma Whippelii

A

Whipple’s Disease

97
Q

Protein & calorie malnutrition

A

Marasmus

GI/GU Diag (3 decks)

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