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GI/GU Diag > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

0
Q

The hollow tube that begins at the mouth & continues through the body to the anus

A

Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

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1
Q

What is the order of examination?

A

Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation

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2
Q

What are the 4 major organs of the GI tract?

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

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3
Q

What are the 4 appendages (organs) of the GI?

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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4
Q

2 Primary functions of the GI tract?

A

Assimilation - digestion & absorption

Elimination

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5
Q

Part of assimilation process that occurs as a result of both physical & chemical processes

A

Digestion

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6
Q

Cardinal Signs/Symptoms of GI pathology

A

Heartburn, Indigestion, Dysphasia, Chest pain, Abdominal Pain, Nausea, Vomiting, Gas, Distention, Diarrhea, Constipation, Weight loss, Bleeding

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7
Q

Hormone that stimulates stomach cells to produce acid for digestion

A

Gastrin

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8
Q

Hormone that controls pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion controls bile production form the liver

A

Secretin

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9
Q

Hormone that causes pancreas to produce pancreatic enzymes & stimulates gallbladder emptying; stops the production of stomach acid

A

Cholecystokinin

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10
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

21-25 ft long

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11
Q

Disease of the Ileum causes what type of problems?

A

Fat malabsorption syndromes

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12
Q

What vitamins are stored in the liver?

A

B-12, D, A, K,E

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13
Q

The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum via contraction of what?

A

Cystic duct into common bile duct

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14
Q

What nutrients are broken down by trypsin/chymotrypsin?

A

Proteins

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15
Q

What is the nervous system that controls the digestive system called?

A

Enteric or Intrinsic

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16
Q

This plexus is located b/w the longitudinal & circular layers of muscle in the tunica muscularis. It’s primary function is control of digestive tract motility

A

Myenteric Plexus

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the submucosa plexus?

A

Senses the luminal environment

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18
Q

What 3 arteries provide the main blood supply to the GI tract?

A

Celiac Artery
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery

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19
Q

What are the walls of the GI tract from innermost to outermost?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Propia
Adventitia (Serosa)

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20
Q

What are the 4 protective mechanisms of the GI tract?

A

Sensory Mechanism - ability to reject food based on sensory input from mouth, nose, tongue working together
Physical Mechanism - Mucus present on mucosa traps & coats pathogens
Chemical Mechanism - Stomach acid & detergents in SI kill bacteria
Immune Mechanism - Found in specialized lymphoid, M-cells located in mucosal layer

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21
Q

Narrowing or complete blocking of an area is called what?

A

Obstruction

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22
Q

Type of obstruction where the bowel is twisted

A

Volvulus

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23
Q

Type of obstruction where one part of bowel is pulled into distal lumen by peristalsis

A

Intususseption

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24
Q

Type of obstruction in which part of bowel loses its peristaltic ability (usually d/t loss of innervation) causing the bolus to serve as a blockage

A

Ileus

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25
Q

An out-pouching of the intestine

A

Diverticula

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26
Q

Vomiting up of blood

A

Hematemesis

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27
Q

Black, tarry stools usually indicative of upper GI bleeding

A

Melena

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28
Q

Gross passage of frank (bright red) blood through the rectum, usually indicative of lower GI bleeding

A

Hematochezia

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29
Q

What is the composition of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

Upper 1/3rd of esophagus = skeletal muscle

Lower 2/3rds of esophagus = smooth muscle

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30
Q

What is an example of a generalized smooth muscle disorder that affects only distal portion of esophagus?

A

Scleroderma

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31
Q

Which is not a function of the esophagus?

  • Transfers food & liquid bolus from pharynx to stomach
  • Isolates upper GI tract from outside world
  • Prevents reflux from stomach
  • Communication b/w upper GI tract & outside world
A

Esophagus is not a communication b/w upper GI tract & the outside world

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32
Q

Is the LES normally in a relaxed or contracted state?

A

Contracted state

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33
Q

Difficulty swallowing is called what?

A

Dysphagia (M/C manifestation of esophageal disease)

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34
Q

What is pain produced w/ swallowing called?

A

Odynophagia

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35
Q

What is difficulty emptying material from the oropharynx into the esophagus called?

A

Oropharyngeal dysphagia

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36
Q

When a pt has problem swallowing solids only, specifically meat & bread, what type of obstruction do they have?

A

Mechanical obstruction

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37
Q

What are 2 intrinsic disorders that cause mechanical obstruction?

A

Peptic strictures

Esophageal cancer

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38
Q

What is an extrinsic disorder that causes mechanical obstruction?

A

Enlarged L atrium

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39
Q

Failure of a ring of muscle around a sphincter to relax is called what?

A

Achalasia

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40
Q

Dysphagia of both solids & liquids is caused by what type of obstruction/disorder?

A

Motility obstruction/disorder

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41
Q

Abnormal pouch in which food can b/co trapped just superior to UES is called what?

A

Zenker’s diverticulum

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42
Q

2-4mm mucosal stricture (probably congenital) causing ring-like narrowing of distal esophagus at squamocolumnar junction (just above LES)

A

Shatzki’s Ring

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43
Q

A thin mucosal membrane that grows across lumen of esophagus

A

Esophageal Web AKA’s Plummer-Vinson Syndrome, Paterson-Kelly Syndrome, Sideropenic Dysphagia

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44
Q

Compression of the esophagus from any of several congenital vascular abnormalities. M/C vascular abnormality from R subclavian art. arising from L side of aortic arch

A

Dysphagia Lusoria

45
Q

Motility (motor) disorders that causes dysphagia involve what part of the esophagus?

A

Lower 2/3rd (smooth muscles)

46
Q

Achalasia is AKA?

A

Cardiospasm
Esophageal Aperistalsis
Megaesophagus

47
Q

What is NOT a common symptom of achalasia?

A

Chest pain

48
Q

A barium x-ray that reveals a “gourd-like” dilation w/ narrowed “bird’s beak” ending at lower esophageal sphincter area is assoc. w/ diagnosing what disorder?

A

Achalasia

49
Q

One of many motility disorders characterized by non-propulsive contractions, hyperdynamic (spastic) contractions, or elevated LES pressure.

A

Symptomatic Diffuse Esophageal Spasm AKA Spastic Pseudodiverticuolsis AKA Rosary Bead/Corkscrew esophagus

50
Q

How is Symptomatic Diffuse Esophageal Spasm diagnosed?

A

Barium x-ray

Manometry

51
Q

Zenker’s (pharyngeal) diverticula go post. through the cricopharyngeal muscle as a result of what?

A

UES not relaxing

52
Q

Where do epiphrenic diverticula occur?

A

Just above the diaphragm (just above the LES)

53
Q

Sudden appearance of copious amounts of bitter tasting saliva (or fluids) in the mouth

A

Waterbrash

54
Q

Pain upon swallowing

A

Odynophagia

55
Q

Regurgitation of food after eating & then re-chewing it & swallowing it again

A

Rumination

56
Q

Spitting up of gastric contents w/o assoc. nausea or forceful abdominal contractions

A

Regurgitation

57
Q

When the LES is incompetent it allows gastric contents to back up into esophagus. Occurs in approx. 40% of adults & frequently in infants

A

GERD

58
Q

Prolonged reflux may lead to esophagitis which can then progress to stricture & sometimes further progress into metaplasia

A

Barrett’s Esophagus

59
Q

What are risk factors for GERD?

A 
Weight gain
Fatty food
Caffeinated or carbonated beverage
Alcohol
Tobacco smoking
60
Q

What is the typical symptom of GERD? Occurs 30-60mins after meals & sometimes upon reclining or bending over

A

Heartburn

61
Q

What lifestyle changes are the initial approach to treating GERD?

A

Eating smaller meals
Exclude foods that reduce LES pressure
Quit smoking
No sleeping/laying down until minimum 2-3 hours post prandial
Avoid tight clothing
Reduce body weight by at least 5-10lbs
Raise the head of the bed 6” off the ground

62
Q

What is the mainstay tx for most pts w/ GERD?

A

Antacids

63
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus is a premalignant condition that may later develop into what?

A

Adenosarcoma

64
Q

Protrusion of stomach through diaphragmatic hiatus. Dx by barium swallow.

A

Hiatal Hernia

65
Q

Makes up 90% of hernias. Stomach slides up & down through diaphragmatic hiatus

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

66
Q

What type of hernia is M/C in females?

A

Femoral

67
Q

Non-penetrating mucosal laceration of distal esophagus &/or prox. stomach caused by vomiting, retching, or hiccupping

A

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

68
Q

What is the major sign/symptom of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?

A

Hematemesis (vomiting up of blood)

69
Q

Gaseous feeling, feeling of fullness that may also be a gnawing or burning pain that’s localized in epigastric region (sometimes substernal) that has no specific cause

A

Dyspepsia AKA Indigestion, Stomach ache, stomach cramps, stomach spasms

70
Q

What are symptoms of dyspepsia?

A

Heartburn
Nausea
Anorexia
Abdominal Distention

71
Q

Parotid tumors are generally ______ while submandibular & sublingual are more likely ________

A

Benign; malignant

72
Q

What are the 3 major functions of saliva?

A

Lubrication
Oral Hygiene
Enzymatic function

73
Q

Bilateral swelling of the salivary glands w/ pain often indicates what?

A

Systemic infection (mumps)

74
Q

Unilateral swelling of the salivary glands usually indicates what?

A

Acute salivary obstruction (by salivary stone)

75
Q

Chronic unilateral painless swelling of the salivary gland may indicate what?

A

Salivary tumor

76
Q

Dryness of mouth usually a defective sense of taste & difficulty chewing or swallowing food

A

Xerostomia

77
Q

Small ulcers in lining of mouth that are frequently painful & sensitive. Develop usually on the movable parts of mouth (tongue, cheeks, inside lining of cheeks)

A

Canker sores

79
Q

Any disorder that impairs secretion of both salivary glands & lacrimal glands of eyes

A

Mikuliczs Syndrome

80
Q

Inflammation of any salivary gland

A

Acute Sialadenitis

81
Q

Salivary gland obstruction d/t a stone; salivary gland formation

A

Sialolithiasis

82
Q

Over half of all salivary gland neoplasms are what type?

A

Benign Pleomorphic Adenomas

83
Q

Type of salivary gland neoplasm that is M/C in men & M/C occurs in parotid gland

A

Warthin’s Tumor AKA Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum

84
Q

Malignant Salivary Gland tumors usually arise where?

A

In the sublingual salivary glands

85
Q

What is the M/C malignant salivary neoplasm?

A

Adenocarcinoma (2nd M/C is Adenoid Cysti Carcinoma)

86
Q

Spitting up blood is called what?

A

Hemoptosis

87
Q

Vomiting up blood is called what?

A

Hematememis

88
Q

Suspensory muscle of duodenum which attaches from diaphragm to duodeno-jejunal flexure

A

Ligament of Treitz (anything above is Upper GI)

89
Q

Dilated veins in distal esophagus or prox. stomach caused by increase pressure in portal venous system, typically by cirrhosis

A

Varices

90
Q

Gross passage of blood through the rectum

A

Hematochezia

91
Q

Black tarry stool. Indicative of Upper Gi bleeding

A

Melena

92
Q

What are common causes of Upper GI bleeding?

A 
Duodenal Ulcers (M/C)
Gastric/Duodenal Erosions (M/C)
Varices
Gastric Ulcer
Mallory-Weiss Tear
Erosive Gastritis
93
Q

Common causes of lower GI bleeding?

A 
Anal fissures 
Colitis (test question)
Colonic carcinoma
Colonic Polyps
Diverticular disease
94
Q

What are the 3 main stomach functions?

A

Motor (mixes food & acid together
Secretory (produces acid, pepsin, water, IF, & electrolytes)
Endocrine (Gastrin & somatostatin)

95
Q

What are 2 things that interfere w/ the mucus & bicarbonate layers & predispose the stomach to gastritis & peptic ulcer disease?

A

NSAIDS

Helicobacter pylori

96
Q

General term that applies to any inflammation of the stomach mucosa

A

Gastritis

97
Q

What are symptoms of gastritis?

A

Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Nausea
Upper abdominal bloating
Epigastric pain

98
Q

What is the main difference b/w acute gastritis and chronic gastritis?

A

Moderate fever w/ acute gastritis & no fever w/ chronic gastritis

99
Q

Refers to a variety of histological abnormalities that are mainly a result of Helicobacter pylori infections

A

Non-erosive Gastritis

100
Q

Used to diagnose presence of H. Pylori bacteria

A

Rapid Urease Test (RUT)

101
Q

Enlarged gastric rugae w/ excess mucus secretion; Barium studies shows “bag of snakes” appearance

A

Hypertrophic Gastritis

102
Q

Disease that affects the pancreas & duodenum. Produces tumors (gastromas) which produce gastrin that stimulates increased stomach acid production which produces severe peptic ulcers

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (rare)

103
Q

What is the main cause of peptic ulcer disease?

A

H. Pylori bacterial infection

104
Q

How is peptic ulcer disease diagnosed?

A

Urea breath test

Rapid Urease Test

105
Q

What are symptoms/signs assoc. w/ peptic ulcer disease?

A

Gastric/Duodenal Ulcers - burning, gnawing or deep hunger type pain
Gastric Ulcers - eating tends to exacerbate pain
Duodenal Pain - Relived by food

106
Q

What is the tx for peptic ulcer disease?

A

50% of duodenal ulcers & a smaller % of gastric ulcers heal spontaneously

107
Q

Phase of stomach acid secretion where sight, smell, or thought of food stimulates stomach acid secretion via vagal nerve stimulation

A

Cephalic Phase

108
Q

Phase of stomach acid secretion that occurs when food enters stomach & causes distention (enlargement), which causes hormone Gastrin to be, released which in turn causes release of more stomach acid

A

Gastric Phase

109
Q

Phase of stomach acid secretion when food moves into duodenum & stretch receptors detect distention causing release of Somatostatin & Cholecystokinin, which inhibit release of Gastrin, which in turn stops secretion of stomach acid

A

Intestinal Phase

110
Q

Paralysis of the stomach

A

Gastroparesis

GI/GU Diag (3 decks)

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