Test 2 Flashcards
what are the 5 major types of hormones
auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene
what is the main role of auxins
as a polar hormone, they slowly accumulate away from a source causing asymmetric growth in response to an external factor. Have many effects
where are auxins found and how do they move
meristems, require energy expenditure and move through parenchyma cells
4 natural auxins/growth regulators
Indoleacetic acid (IAA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), 4-chloroindoleacetic acid (4-chlorolAA), and indolebutyric acid (IBA)
synthetic auxins/growth regulators
napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy
horticultural use of auxins
root formation, uniform flowering/fruiting, avoid premature fruit drop, control shape and number of fruits, kill weeds and promote seedless fruits
what fungus produces gibberellins
Gibberella fujikuroi
what do gibberellins do
increase plant growth
what do cytokinins do
promote cell division, synthesizing in root tips
what does abscisic acid do
has an inhibitory effect on stimulatory effects of other hormones, prevents seed from germinating while still on the plant, helps leaves respond to excessive water loss
where is abscisic acid synthesized
in plastids from carotenoid pigments
what does ethylene do
triggers the ripening of fruits and leaf abscission
what are the 4 growth movements resulting from internal stimuli
nutations, nodding movements, twining movements, and nastic movements
spiralling movement of the stem, not visible to the eye are
nutations
side to side oscillation of the stem are
nodding movements
spiralling of the stem that is visible to the eye - plants attach and twirl around adjacent objects for support and growth are
twinning movements
non-directional movements/bending up and down as cells alternate growth in opposite parts of the organ are
nastic movements
what are the 3 growth movements resulting from external stimuli
phototropism, gravitropism and turgor movement
growth toward (positive, stem) or away (negative, roots) from light is
phototropism
How does phototropism occur?
auxins accumulate on the opposite side of light causing stem elongation on the dark side and growth towards the light
growth in response to gravity, occurring primarily in the root cap with the curvature caused by auxins is
gravitropism
changes in internal water pressure due to external stimuli is
turgor movement
special swellings at leaf base that change in turgor, moving the leaf in response to touch are
pulvini
what are the 3 different turgor movements that aren’t involved in touch?
sleep movements, solar tracking, water conservation movements
regular daily ~24 cycles controlled by an internal biological clock causing leaves and petals to fold at certain times of the day are
sleep movements
leaves twisting on their petioles to constantly face the sun is
solar tracking
what are water conservation movements
changes in turgor by bulliform cells in response to insufficient water supply, folding/rolling leaves
what are tropisms
permanent movements caused by external stimuli
what are the 3 phases of tropism
initial perception (organ receives greater stimulus on one side), transduction (one or more hormones become unevenly distributed across the affected organ) and asymmetric growth (greater elongation on one side as a result of a hormone imbalance from stimuli)
length of day and night related to the onset of flowering
photoperiodism
this type of plant will not flower unless periods of light length are shorter than a critical period
short-day plants
this type of plant will not flower unless periods of light length are longer than a critical period
long-day plants
how long is the critical period for photoperiodism
12-14 hours
this type of plants will not flower if days are too short or too long (must be within the critical period of 12-14 hours)
intermediate-day plants
this type of plant will flower under any day length
day-neutral plant
period of growth inactivity even with desirable conditions
dormancy
what hormones are involved in breaking dormancy
gibberellins and ethylene
what is the state in which seeds cannot germinate due to unfavourable conditions
quiescence
what group of plants is the least sensitive to auxins
monocots
the application of certain BLANK causes grass to turn green earlier in the spring
gibberellins
when a plant’s reproductive success depends on human intervention due to gene alteration it is
domesticated
accelerated evolution guided by humans rather than nature is known as
plant breeding
living tissue from which new plants are grown is known as
germplasm
what are the 4 breeding strategies of sexually compatible germplasm (breeding of the same species)
pure-line selection, mass selection, outcrossing and inbreeding depression
a breeding strategy that collects seeds from several self-pollinating plants and grows a single row from each individual. The desired row of plants is selected for breeding.
Pure-line selection
when a plant is capable of pollinating itself and tends to be highly homozygous it is known as
Self-pollinating
when a plant is not capable of pollinating itself, must be pollinated by other individuals and is heterozygous it is known as
Cross-pollinating
when cross-pollinating plants from a single generation are selected and their seeds are used to create a new generation this is known as
Mass selection
when cross-pollinating plants are crossed with a distant relative, resulting in a larger more resistant crop, this breeding type is known as
Outcrossing
when cross-pollinated plants are repeatedly inbred causing the expression of deleterious inbred recessive alleles. Forced self-pollination can exterminate these deleterious alleles. This breeding type is known as
Inbreeding Depression
a collection and conservation of seeds/propagules/ germplasm to meet the current and future demands of plant genetic diversity
Gene banks
what are the 2 breeding strategies of sexually incompatible germplasm (breeding of different species)
protoplast fusion and transgenic plant production
breeding method where plants of different species are stripped of their cell walls and their protoplasts are mixed to form hybrid fusions. few success stories (potato and clementine)
protoplast fusion
breeding method where different species are mixed by the insertion of genes from any organism into a plant.
transgenic plant production
what are the steps in recombinant DNA technology used in transgenic plant production?
restriction enzymes from bacteria cut DNA into fragments, one DNA strand being longer than the other with sticky ends. The sticky ends base-pair with the sticky ends of other fragments cut with the same enzyme. These DNA fragments are inserted into plasmids for cloning
What are the 6 steps to cloning and re-inserting a gene?
- the gene of interest from foreign DNA is cut with restriction enzymes.
- Gene is inserted into plasmids.
- Transformation of plasmids occurs in E.coli.
- after cloning, the plasmids are removed from the E.coli.
- using the same restriction enzymes, the desired gene is cut from the plasmid.
- the gene is inserted into the plant/ the plant is transformed
what are the two techniques used to insert cloned genes in plants to create transgenic plants
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (transfer DNA containing the gene of interest inserted into plant chromosomes) and particle guns (tungsten/gold pellets coated into genes are shot into plant tissue)
what are the 5 steps in creating an herbicide-resistant transgenic plant?
- tissue cultures form masses of undifferentiated cells
- the dissociated cells are then transferred and grown in a liquid culture inoculated with bacteria carrying the altered Ti plasmid
- herbicide is added, killing the cells that have not incorporated the foreign DNA leaving behind the successfully transformed cells
- the remaining successful undergo mitosis to form an embryo
- the embryos grow into an herbicide-resistant plant.
the process of creating new plants is known as
plant propagation
the alteration of plant genes for more desirable characteristics is known as
plant breeding
what are the 2 types of seed propagation
from hybrid varieties and inbred line varieties
propagation of seeds that were produced by crosses between two inbred parents
Hybrid propagation
propagation of seeds that are allowed to self-pollinate, producing plants nearly identical to the parent plant
inbred line varieties
what are the 5 types of asexual plant propagation
crown division, cuttings, layering, grafting and micropropagation
a type of asexual plant propagation where plants are separated into several pieces, each with a crown portion (leaves) and roots
crown division
a type of asexual plant propagation where plants are propagated from different parts of a plant
cuttings
a type of asexual plant propagation plants that uses two techniques - tip layering and air layering
layering
a layering propagation technique that bends branch tips to the ground, covered in soil and form roots
tip-layering
a layering propagation technique where the stem/branch is wounded or girdled to produce roots
air-layering
a type of asexual plant propagation where plants are cut, connected and induces to grow together as one plant
grafting
what does grafting propagation success depend on
contact between the vascular cambium of the scion (top portion of graft) with the vascular cambium of the rootstock (bottom portion of graft)
an excised piece of stem/leaf tissue of a genetically modified plant is known as
an explant
growth and maintenance of plants within test tubes under favourable conditions to be later transferred outdoors after acclimatization
micropropagation
what were the first domesticated crop plants
cereal grains
when did people begin to domesticate plants
~10 000 years ago
the development of homozygous purebred strains are brought about by
repeated inbreeding
what is a species name
a two word Latin name given to all living organisms
when asked to report the species name you give the
genus and the species
who was the first person of note who attempted to organize and classify plants
Theophrastus
scientific names consist of two parts. This naming method is known as
binomial nomenclature
what book standardized the rules governing the naming and classification of plants and stating that any name given by Linneaus is the proper and official species name.
the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
Is Latin still required for plant classification? Why
NO, scientists are rushed to classify plants they no longer have to use a language they are unfamiliar with
what book provides a naming system for cultivated plants incapable of reproducing themselves
the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
what are the two classification terms used in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
cultivar (based on morphology, history or anecdotes) and cultivar group (based on a plant trait)
what are the 6 Kingdoms
archea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantea and animalia
Hogg and Haeckel proposed what kingdom
Protoctista (later named protista)
Copeland assigned single-celled prokaryotes to what new kingdom
Monera
What Kingdom did Whittaker create by extracting a group of organisms from Kingdom Protista
Fungi
What two Kingdoms did Woese create by splitting Monera
Archea and Bacteria
What are the 8 major classification groups
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
what are the 3 domains (super kingdoms)
archaea, bacteria and eukarya
what is the second name in the species name called
species epithet
what follows the species epithet of the species name
An initial for the name of the botanist(s) who named the organism (usually L. for Linnaeus)
what are the 6 species concepts for plant classification
morphological, interbreeding, ecological, phylogenetic, eclectic and nominalistic species concept
the species concept that defines a species based on its morphology
morphology species concept
what is the disadvantage of using the morphological species concept
different interpretations by botanists due to subjective opinions
the species concept that defines a species based on a population that is able to interbreed and its productivity is isolated from other groups
interbreeding species concept
what is a disadvantage of using the interbreeding species concept
populations may not be completely reproductively isolated and are difficult to distinguish which individuals are crossing in the wild
the species concept that defines a species as a group of individuals who occupy the same unique ecological niche
ecological species concept
what is a disadvantage of using the ecological species concept
niches of different species usually cross over and species evolve to inhabit new niches
the species concept that determines a species by common evolutionary background
phylogenetic species concept
the species concept that combines evidence from all species concepts because a single criterion isn’t sufficient to identify a species
eclectic species concept
the species concept used by scientists who believe that species do not exist since selection pressures lead to diversity, diverging from a cohesive unit
nominalistic species concept
what is the ploidy of the sporophyte generation
diploid (2n)
what is the ploidy of the gamete generation
haploid (n)
what does the sporophyte generation produce
haploid spores by meiosis
what does the final product of the gametophyte generation
diploid zygote by fertilization
what is the life cycle involving sexual reproduction that alternates between the diploid sporophyte phase and haploid gametophyte phase
alternation of generations
what plant form develops from zygotes and produce sporocytes
sporophytes
what plant form develops from spores to form cells or sexual structures then forming gametes by mitosis for fertilization
gametophytes
what type of cell division changes the sporophyte generation into the gametophyte generation
meiosis, 2n to n
the class cyanobacteria contains
blue-green bacteria
do cyanobacteria have chlorophyll
Yes, chlorophyll a (also phycobilins)
what is cyanophycin
nitrogenous food reserve formed by cyanobacteria
do cyanobacteria undergo mitosis
NO, binary fission
what class of organisms are thought to be responsible for atmospheric oxygen accumulation 1 billion years ago, supporting new forms of aerobic respiration?
cyanobacteria
why are cyanobacteria important to humans?
bottom of many food chains, nitrogen fixation, may produce antibodies and may increase water oxygen levels
400 million years ago, what gave rise to land plants by transitioning to land from water?
green algae
what type of green algae is likely an indirect ancestor of land plants
coleochaete
6 phyla, chlorophyta, chromophyta, rhodophyta, euglenophyta, dinophyta, cryptophyta, are found in what kingdom?
Protista
the following features are of what kingdom: unicellular to multicellular, varied nutrition, varied lifecycles, reproduction commonly by cell division and sexual processes, store food as starch
Kingdom Protista
in what Kingdom are algae found?
Protista
from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
unicellular, filamentous, platelike colonies, net-like leaves. Variety of habitats, have chlorophyll a & b, single nucleus per cell, reproduce sexually and asexually
Green Algae
from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
commonly in freshwater pools, unicellular, paired whip-like flagella, two contractile vacuoles for water regulation, single cup-shaped chloroplast with pyrenoids, red eyespot
Chlamydomonas
are algae plants?
NO
from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
filamentous with holdfast at the base, wide+curved+flat chloroplasts with one to several pyrenoids
Ulothrix
from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
filaments of cylindrical cells, found in masses on still freshwater, ribbon-shaped chloroplasts and wrapped around vacuoles with pyrenoids at regular intervals. Sexual reproduction by conjugation: tubes transferring protoplasts, forming a zygote.
Spirogyra (watersilk)
Chlorella, Desmids, Volvox and Ulvas are other types of
green algae
from phylum Chromophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
unicellular, look like ornate glass boxes, found in fresh and saltwater, chlorophylls a & c and fucoxanthin, asexually reproduce
the Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)
from phylum Chromophyta, which species has the following characteristics: relatively large (not unicellular), found in cold shallow water, chlorophyll a & c and fucoxanthin Thallus differentiated into holdfast, stipe and blades
Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae)
from phylum Rhydophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
in warmer and deeper waters than brown algae, tightly packed filaments that appear to be flattened blades/branches, colour mostly due to phycobilins, chlorophylls a&b, produce agar
Red Algae
from phylum Euglenophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
no cell wall but has a pellicle, gullet ingests food, flagella, 1/3 have disc-shaped chloroplasts (photosynthesis and phagocytosis)
the Euglenoids
proteinaceous structures associated with starch synthesis in some chlorophyta
pyrenoids
from phylum Dinophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
produce “red tides”, cellulose-filled armour plates, 2 flagella at intersecting grooves, disc-shaped chloroplasts being xanthophyll pigments and chlorophylls a&c, almost half are non-photosynthetic and rather ingest food, eyespot.
Dinoflagellates
from phylum Chryptophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
marine and freshwater, 2 flagellates, plates inside plasma membrane, two-lobes chloroplasts, nucleomorph
Chryptomonads
from phylum Chryptophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
shallow freshwater, precipitate calcium salts, multicellular antheridia, axis with short lateral branches in whorls, sexual reproduction is oogamous
the Stonewarts
are bryophytes associated with mychorrizal fungi?
Yes
mosses, liverworts and hornworts are
bryophytes
what features do plants and algae share
- chlorophylls and carotenoids
- starch food reserve,
- cellulose in cell walls
- phragmoplasts and cell plate during cell division
Phylum Hepaticophyta is the
Liverworts
Phylum Antherocerophyta is the
Hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta is the
Mosses
do bryophytes have vascular tissue
NO
of the Bryophytes, which phyla have the following characteristics:
20% flattened lobed thalli (Marchantia), 80% leafy. May produce protonema. Thalloid anchored by single-celled rhizoids
Hepaticophyta/Liverworts
What is Marchantia
Thalloid form of Hepaticophyta/Liverworts
How do Marchantia asexually reproduce
Gemmae are tiny lens-shaped tissue developing in gemmae cups that fall from the thallus.
How do Marchantia sexually reproduce
alternation of generations
of the Bryophytes, which phyla have the following characteristics:
mature sporophytes look like black rods whereas gametophytes are “crawling” underneath
Anthocerophyta/Hornworts
how do Anthocerophyta/Hornworts asexually reproduce
fragmentation of the thallus
how do Anthocerophyta/Hornworts sexually reproduce
alternation of generations: long slender sporocyte disperses spores with the help of elaters to the gymnosperms beneath
which species concept is not very useful for species classification because some plants readily hybridize with other groups
interbreeding concept
do blue-green bacteria have chloroplasts
NO
of the Bryophytes, which phyla have the following characteristics:
“leaves” are one cell think blades and are never lobed or divided. axis are stemlike and have no vascular tissue.
Bryophyta/Mosses
what are the 3 classes of mosses
peat, true and rock moss
what characteristics appeared with vascular plant (ferns) evolution
- internal conducting tissue
- true leaves
- true roots
- gametophyte generation progressively gets smaller
The 4 phyla, Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta are
Seedless vascular plants
of the Seedless vascular plants, which phyla have the following characteristics:
sporophytes (dominant) have enations rather than leaves, no roots resembling small green whisk brooms. Gametophytes develop from spores underground.
Psilophyta (the whisk fern)
tiny green superficially leaflike, veinless, photosynthetic flaps of tissue found on whisk ferns
Enations
of the Seedless vascular plants, which phyla have the following characteristics:
true roots and stems, true leaves/microphylls
Lycophyta (ground pines, spike mosses and quillworts)
ground pines, spike mosses and quillworts are the common species in what Phyla
Lycophyta
of the Seedless vascular plants, which phyla have the following characteristics:
less than 1.3m tall, branched and unbranched forms, hollow central cavity due to pith breakdown and two cylinders surrounding the pith: carnal canals, vallecular canals
Equisetophyta
what are the two major genera within Phylum Lycophyta
Lycopodium and Selanginella
what are the three genera within Phylum Lycophyta
Lycopodium, Selanginella and Isoetes
in simple terms, what is a lichen
a fungus and an alga (or blue-green bacterium) intimately associated within a spongey thallus
what characteristic of lichens allow them to withstand alternating dry periods
gelatinous substance in thallus
each lichen has its own unique BLANK association and is identified according to this
Fungus
what are the 3 major groups of lichens based on growth
crustose, foliose, fruticose
of the 3 Lichen groups, which group has the following characteristics:
attached/embedded on/in a substrate, covering the surface
Crustose
of the 3 Lichen groups, which group has the following characteristics:
Contain leaf-like thalli which often overlap
Foliose
of the 3 Lichen groups, which group has the following characteristics:
Resemble miniature upright shrubs/bushes or hang down in festoons from branches
Fruticose
archegoniophores and antheridiophores are characteristics of
thalloid liverworts (Marchantia)
each diamond-shaped segment of a liverwort thallus contains a single …
pore
Liverworts and hornworts are members of the
Bryophytes
an elongated food conducting cell like phloem found in mosses
leptoids
what is the difference between bryophytes and Bryophyta
bryophytes are a group of three different non-vascular plants: liverworts hornworts and mosses whereas Bryophyta is the phylum for mosses
How many species does the Ginko phylum contain?
ONE
seed plants with “naked” seeds are known as
gymnosperms
in gymnosperms, seeds and pollen are often produced on BLANK arranged into cones
sporophylls (megasporophylls and microsporophylls)
the four phyla, pinophyta, ginkophyta, cycadophyta and gnetophyta are classified as
Gymnosperms
of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
bear distinct strobili (cones) and have needlelike leaves arranged in clusters called fascicles.
Pinophyta/the Conifers
what is the largest genus within phylum pinophyta
Pinus
of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
notched, broad, fan-shaped leaves with evenly forked veins. Have plum-like seeds enclosed in fleshy covering on female plant yet are not fruits.
Ginkophyta (ginkos)
of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
looks like a mix of fern and palm. Has either a male or female strobili in the centre. Endangered!
Cycadophyta (cycads)
of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
Vessels and trachea are neatly bound within xylem
Gnetophyta
one-two layers of thick-walled cells located below the epidermis of some conifers preventing water loss and protecting from harsh conditions
the Hypodermis
Conifer wood can be differentiated into two types based on the presence of vessels and fibres. What are the
softwood and hardwood
how many years does it take for conifer seed cones to mature
2 years
Gymnosperms such as Yew, California nutmeg, Podocarps, Ginko and Junipers have BLANK seeds
fleshy, yet are NOT FRUITS
Are Ginkos Monecious or Dioecious? What does this mean?
Dioecious: male and female structures are grown on separate trees therefore there are distinct male trees and female trees
Which ginko tree has a foul odour and why
Female, odour coming from seeds within a fleshy coat
which gymnosperm phyla have dioecious plants
Ginkophyta and Cycadophyta
which phyla of the gymnosperms have vessels in their xylem
Gnetophyta
Ephedra, Gnetum and Wilwitschia are the 3 most abundant genera of the phylum
Gnetophyta
BLANK has neither true leaves or roots
Psilotum/whisk ferns
a spike moss (selaginella) microspore has the potential to develop into
a male gametophyte
the common name for Lycopodium is the “ground pine”: because its BLANK morphologically resemble little conifers
sporophyte
the semi-transparent tissue/membrane that protects immature sporangia in many ferns is called an
indusium
in ferns, meiosis occurs in
sporangium
difference between sporophyte and sporangia is
Sporophyte: a plant generation that produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes:
Sporangia: case/capsule in which spores are produced by an organism
after fertilization, the integument of gymnosperms becomes a
seed coat
phylum Magnoliophyta contains
flowering plants!
What are the two major classes of Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots)
BLANK are flowering plants that have seeds enclosed within a BLANK
Angiosperms, carpel
flowering plants that do not photosynthesize and feed off of other plants with hostoria, causing negative effect/killing the host plant
parasitic flowering plants
flowering plants that both photosynthesize and have the ability to absorb nutrients from the soil
saprophytes
are flowering plants homosporous or heterosporous? What does this mean?
Heterosporous. Have two types of spores (mega and micro)
flowering female gametophyte: diploid BLANK differentiates into an ovule, undergoing meiosis to produce 4 haploid BLANK. 3/4 degenerate.
Megasporocyte (mother cell), Megaspores
What happens to the only surviving megaspore of a flowering plant’s female gametophyte
- enlarges, the nucleus divides to produce 8 nuclei
- outer 2 layers become the integument, later becoming the seed coat
- micropyle is found at one end to receive sperm
within a flowering plant at maturity, the male gametophyte consists of a BLANK with BLANK and 2 BLANK
germinated pollen grain, vegetative nucleus, sperm
how are the 8 nuclei arranged in the megagametophyte from a flowering plant’s female gametophyte
the 8 nuclei form two groups of 4 at either end. One nucleus from each group migrates to the centre to form the central nuclei
where is the male gametophyte of flowering plants formed
anthers
what are the 3 important changes the flowering plant’s microspores undergo to become pollen grains
- divide by mitosis to form a small generative cell inside the larger tube cell
- microspore walls become two-layered, the outer wall being the exine
- generative nucleus divides, producing two sperm
what is the exine of flowering plants microspores and what is it’s purpose
a sculpted outer wall of the microspore containing chemicals that may or may not react with the stigma’s chemicals to produce a pollen tube. This ensures that the pollen received is only used for fertilization if it is from a compatible breeding species
the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
pollenation
union of sperm and egg
fertilization
pollen grains germinate on a stigma from the same flower
self-pollination
during the growth of the pollen tube towards the micropyle of the ovule, the BLANK stays at the tip while the BLANK lags behind and divides into two sperm
vegetative nucleus, generative cell
do the leaves of mosses have stomata, petioles, mesophyll or veins?
NO, not vascular plants
whisk ferns produce sporangia on the upper surface of leaf-like flaps of tissue called
enations
the largest phylum of the plant kingdom, with over 250,000 known species, is
Magnoliophyta
meiosis occurs in the microsporangia and the
developing ovule (cells inside undergoing meiosis)
a special form of fertilization only seen in Magnoliophyta is called BLANK
double fertilization
double fertilization occurs when one BLANK unites with the BLANK forming a zygote and later an embryo while the second BLANK unites with the BLANK
sperm and egg, sperm and the 2 central cell nuclei
what do the united sperm and central nuclei produce
triploid endosperm developing into endosperm tissue that serves as the embryo food source
in special cases of female angiosperm gametophyte development, the gametophyte can have BLANK to BLANK nuclei/cells at maturity. This means the endosperm does not have to be triploid!
4-16
BLANK is when fruits develop from ovaries with unfertilized eggs resulting in seedless fruit
parthenocarpy
BLANK produces fruit without the fusion of gametes (without fertilization) but with the other normal structures involved, resulting in an asexually/vegetatively propagated plant
apomixis
flowering plants with separate carpels indicate that the flower species evolved BLANK in evolution
early
flowering plants with fused carpels that form a compound pistil of several carpels indicate that the flower species evolved BLANK in evolution
later
when the ovary is enclosed within the receptacle and other flower parts are fused atop of the ovary, the ovary position is
Inferior ovary (epigynous flowers)
when the ovary is produced atop of the receptacle with the other flower parts fused to its base, the ovary position is
Superior ovary (hypogynous flowers)
when the floral parts are fused to the corolla, creating. a floral tube that is not attached to the ovary, the flower is called
Perigynous flowers
a flower that has all 4 whorls
complete flower
a flower that is missing the corolla/other flower parts
incomplete flower
a flower that has both male and female parts
perfect flower
a flower that has either male or female parts, not both
imperfect flower
are the following characteristics those of early or later evolving flowers:
simple leaves, numerous spirally arranged not fused parts, radial symmetry, complete and perfect, superior ovary
EARLY
are the following characteristics those of early or later evolving flowers:
fewer floral parts, compressed spiral arrangements into whorls, bilateral symmetry, inferior ovary
LATER
based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
brightly coloured, usually blue or yellow, often have lines/distinctive markings which may function as a guide that sometimes are only visible in UV light
Bees
based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
strong, yeasty spicey or fruity odour. White or dull in colour. Some do not secrete nectar but furnish pollen/food on petals in special storage cells
Beetles
based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
smell like rotten meat, dull red or brown
Flies
based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
sweet fragrances, white or yellow for one species, red/blue/yellow/orange for the other, nectaries at the bases of corolla tubes only accessible by long tongues
Moth(white/yellow) and Butterfly (red/blue/yellow/orange)
BLANK are popular flowers for butterfly gardens
Lantanas
based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
bright blue, red or yellow. little if any odour, large and sturdy, copious amounts of nectar, long floral tubes
Birds
based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
primarily in the tropics, open at night, dull in colour, large flower OR ball like inflorescence of many small flowers
Bats
this type of flower can be pollinated by multiple pollinators or have extraordinary one-to-one adaptations for a specific pollinator
Orchids
libraries of dried pressed plants, algae and fungi that are arranged and labelled
herbarium
