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Botany > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 major types of hormones

A

auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene

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2
Q

what is the main role of auxins

A

as a polar hormone, they slowly accumulate away from a source causing asymmetric growth in response to an external factor. Have many effects

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3
Q

where are auxins found and how do they move

A

meristems, require energy expenditure and move through parenchyma cells

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4
Q

4 natural auxins/growth regulators

A

Indoleacetic acid (IAA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), 4-chloroindoleacetic acid (4-chlorolAA), and indolebutyric acid (IBA)

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5
Q

synthetic auxins/growth regulators

A

napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy

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6
Q

horticultural use of auxins

A

root formation, uniform flowering/fruiting, avoid premature fruit drop, control shape and number of fruits, kill weeds and promote seedless fruits

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7
Q

what fungus produces gibberellins

A

Gibberella fujikuroi

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8
Q

what do gibberellins do

A

increase plant growth

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9
Q

what do cytokinins do

A

promote cell division, synthesizing in root tips

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10
Q

what does abscisic acid do

A

has an inhibitory effect on stimulatory effects of other hormones, prevents seed from germinating while still on the plant, helps leaves respond to excessive water loss

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11
Q

where is abscisic acid synthesized

A

in plastids from carotenoid pigments

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12
Q

what does ethylene do

A

triggers the ripening of fruits and leaf abscission

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13
Q

what are the 4 growth movements resulting from internal stimuli

A

nutations, nodding movements, twining movements, and nastic movements

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14
Q

spiralling movement of the stem, not visible to the eye are

A

nutations

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15
Q

side to side oscillation of the stem are

A

nodding movements

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16
Q

spiralling of the stem that is visible to the eye - plants attach and twirl around adjacent objects for support and growth are

A

twinning movements

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17
Q

non-directional movements/bending up and down as cells alternate growth in opposite parts of the organ are

A

nastic movements

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18
Q

what are the 3 growth movements resulting from external stimuli

A

phototropism, gravitropism and turgor movement

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19
Q

growth toward (positive, stem) or away (negative, roots) from light is

A

phototropism

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20
Q

How does phototropism occur?

A

auxins accumulate on the opposite side of light causing stem elongation on the dark side and growth towards the light

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21
Q

growth in response to gravity, occurring primarily in the root cap with the curvature caused by auxins is

A

gravitropism

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22
Q

changes in internal water pressure due to external stimuli is

A

turgor movement

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23
Q

special swellings at leaf base that change in turgor, moving the leaf in response to touch are

A

pulvini

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24
Q

what are the 3 different turgor movements that aren’t involved in touch?

A

sleep movements, solar tracking, water conservation movements

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25
Q

regular daily ~24 cycles controlled by an internal biological clock causing leaves and petals to fold at certain times of the day are

A

sleep movements

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26
Q

leaves twisting on their petioles to constantly face the sun is

A

solar tracking

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27
Q

what are water conservation movements

A

changes in turgor by bulliform cells in response to insufficient water supply, folding/rolling leaves

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28
Q

what are tropisms

A

permanent movements caused by external stimuli

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29
Q

what are the 3 phases of tropism

A

initial perception (organ receives greater stimulus on one side), transduction (one or more hormones become unevenly distributed across the affected organ) and asymmetric growth (greater elongation on one side as a result of a hormone imbalance from stimuli)

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30
Q

length of day and night related to the onset of flowering

A

photoperiodism

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31
Q

this type of plant will not flower unless periods of light length are shorter than a critical period

A

short-day plants

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32
Q

this type of plant will not flower unless periods of light length are longer than a critical period

A

long-day plants

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33
Q

how long is the critical period for photoperiodism

A

12-14 hours

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34
Q

this type of plants will not flower if days are too short or too long (must be within the critical period of 12-14 hours)

A

intermediate-day plants

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35
Q

this type of plant will flower under any day length

A

day-neutral plant

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36
Q

period of growth inactivity even with desirable conditions

A

dormancy

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37
Q

what hormones are involved in breaking dormancy

A

gibberellins and ethylene

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38
Q

what is the state in which seeds cannot germinate due to unfavourable conditions

A

quiescence

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39
Q

what group of plants is the least sensitive to auxins

A

monocots

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40
Q

the application of certain BLANK causes grass to turn green earlier in the spring

A

gibberellins

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41
Q

when a plant’s reproductive success depends on human intervention due to gene alteration it is

A

domesticated

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42
Q

accelerated evolution guided by humans rather than nature is known as

A

plant breeding

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43
Q

living tissue from which new plants are grown is known as

A

germplasm

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44
Q

what are the 4 breeding strategies of sexually compatible germplasm (breeding of the same species)

A

pure-line selection, mass selection, outcrossing and inbreeding depression

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45
Q

a breeding strategy that collects seeds from several self-pollinating plants and grows a single row from each individual. The desired row of plants is selected for breeding.

A

Pure-line selection

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46
Q

when a plant is capable of pollinating itself and tends to be highly homozygous it is known as

A

Self-pollinating

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47
Q

when a plant is not capable of pollinating itself, must be pollinated by other individuals and is heterozygous it is known as

A

Cross-pollinating

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48
Q

when cross-pollinating plants from a single generation are selected and their seeds are used to create a new generation this is known as

A

Mass selection

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49
Q

when cross-pollinating plants are crossed with a distant relative, resulting in a larger more resistant crop, this breeding type is known as

A

Outcrossing

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50
Q

when cross-pollinated plants are repeatedly inbred causing the expression of deleterious inbred recessive alleles. Forced self-pollination can exterminate these deleterious alleles. This breeding type is known as

A

Inbreeding Depression

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51
Q

a collection and conservation of seeds/propagules/ germplasm to meet the current and future demands of plant genetic diversity

A

Gene banks

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52
Q

what are the 2 breeding strategies of sexually incompatible germplasm (breeding of different species)

A

protoplast fusion and transgenic plant production

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53
Q

breeding method where plants of different species are stripped of their cell walls and their protoplasts are mixed to form hybrid fusions. few success stories (potato and clementine)

A

protoplast fusion

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54
Q

breeding method where different species are mixed by the insertion of genes from any organism into a plant.

A

transgenic plant production

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55
Q

what are the steps in recombinant DNA technology used in transgenic plant production?

A

restriction enzymes from bacteria cut DNA into fragments, one DNA strand being longer than the other with sticky ends. The sticky ends base-pair with the sticky ends of other fragments cut with the same enzyme. These DNA fragments are inserted into plasmids for cloning

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56
Q

What are the 6 steps to cloning and re-inserting a gene?

A
  1. the gene of interest from foreign DNA is cut with restriction enzymes.
  2. Gene is inserted into plasmids.
  3. Transformation of plasmids occurs in E.coli.
  4. after cloning, the plasmids are removed from the E.coli.
  5. using the same restriction enzymes, the desired gene is cut from the plasmid.
  6. the gene is inserted into the plant/ the plant is transformed
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57
Q

what are the two techniques used to insert cloned genes in plants to create transgenic plants

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens (transfer DNA containing the gene of interest inserted into plant chromosomes) and particle guns (tungsten/gold pellets coated into genes are shot into plant tissue)

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58
Q

what are the 5 steps in creating an herbicide-resistant transgenic plant?

A
  1. tissue cultures form masses of undifferentiated cells
  2. the dissociated cells are then transferred and grown in a liquid culture inoculated with bacteria carrying the altered Ti plasmid
  3. herbicide is added, killing the cells that have not incorporated the foreign DNA leaving behind the successfully transformed cells
  4. the remaining successful undergo mitosis to form an embryo
  5. the embryos grow into an herbicide-resistant plant.
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59
Q

the process of creating new plants is known as

A

plant propagation

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60
Q

the alteration of plant genes for more desirable characteristics is known as

A

plant breeding

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61
Q

what are the 2 types of seed propagation

A

from hybrid varieties and inbred line varieties

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62
Q

propagation of seeds that were produced by crosses between two inbred parents

A

Hybrid propagation

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63
Q

propagation of seeds that are allowed to self-pollinate, producing plants nearly identical to the parent plant

A

inbred line varieties

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64
Q

what are the 5 types of asexual plant propagation

A

crown division, cuttings, layering, grafting and micropropagation

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65
Q

a type of asexual plant propagation where plants are separated into several pieces, each with a crown portion (leaves) and roots

A

crown division

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66
Q

a type of asexual plant propagation where plants are propagated from different parts of a plant

A

cuttings

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67
Q

a type of asexual plant propagation plants that uses two techniques - tip layering and air layering

A

layering

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68
Q

a layering propagation technique that bends branch tips to the ground, covered in soil and form roots

A

tip-layering

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69
Q

a layering propagation technique where the stem/branch is wounded or girdled to produce roots

A

air-layering

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70
Q

a type of asexual plant propagation where plants are cut, connected and induces to grow together as one plant

A

grafting

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71
Q

what does grafting propagation success depend on

A

contact between the vascular cambium of the scion (top portion of graft) with the vascular cambium of the rootstock (bottom portion of graft)

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72
Q

an excised piece of stem/leaf tissue of a genetically modified plant is known as

A

an explant

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73
Q

growth and maintenance of plants within test tubes under favourable conditions to be later transferred outdoors after acclimatization

A

micropropagation

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74
Q

what were the first domesticated crop plants

A

cereal grains

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75
Q

when did people begin to domesticate plants

A

~10 000 years ago

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76
Q

the development of homozygous purebred strains are brought about by

A

repeated inbreeding

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77
Q

what is a species name

A

a two word Latin name given to all living organisms

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78
Q

when asked to report the species name you give the

A

genus and the species

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79
Q

who was the first person of note who attempted to organize and classify plants

A

Theophrastus

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80
Q

scientific names consist of two parts. This naming method is known as

A

binomial nomenclature

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81
Q

what book standardized the rules governing the naming and classification of plants and stating that any name given by Linneaus is the proper and official species name.

A

the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)

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82
Q

Is Latin still required for plant classification? Why

A

NO, scientists are rushed to classify plants they no longer have to use a language they are unfamiliar with

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83
Q

what book provides a naming system for cultivated plants incapable of reproducing themselves

A

the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)

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84
Q

what are the two classification terms used in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)

A

cultivar (based on morphology, history or anecdotes) and cultivar group (based on a plant trait)

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85
Q

what are the 6 Kingdoms

A

archea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantea and animalia

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86
Q

Hogg and Haeckel proposed what kingdom

A

Protoctista (later named protista)

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87
Q

Copeland assigned single-celled prokaryotes to what new kingdom

A

Monera

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88
Q

What Kingdom did Whittaker create by extracting a group of organisms from Kingdom Protista

A

Fungi

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89
Q

What two Kingdoms did Woese create by splitting Monera

A

Archea and Bacteria

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90
Q

What are the 8 major classification groups

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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91
Q

what are the 3 domains (super kingdoms)

A

archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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92
Q

what is the second name in the species name called

A

species epithet

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93
Q

what follows the species epithet of the species name

A

An initial for the name of the botanist(s) who named the organism (usually L. for Linnaeus)

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94
Q

what are the 6 species concepts for plant classification

A

morphological, interbreeding, ecological, phylogenetic, eclectic and nominalistic species concept

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95
Q

the species concept that defines a species based on its morphology

A

morphology species concept

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96
Q

what is the disadvantage of using the morphological species concept

A

different interpretations by botanists due to subjective opinions

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97
Q

the species concept that defines a species based on a population that is able to interbreed and its productivity is isolated from other groups

A

interbreeding species concept

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98
Q

what is a disadvantage of using the interbreeding species concept

A

populations may not be completely reproductively isolated and are difficult to distinguish which individuals are crossing in the wild

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99
Q

the species concept that defines a species as a group of individuals who occupy the same unique ecological niche

A

ecological species concept

100
Q

what is a disadvantage of using the ecological species concept

A

niches of different species usually cross over and species evolve to inhabit new niches

101
Q

the species concept that determines a species by common evolutionary background

A

phylogenetic species concept

102
Q

the species concept that combines evidence from all species concepts because a single criterion isn’t sufficient to identify a species

A

eclectic species concept

103
Q

the species concept used by scientists who believe that species do not exist since selection pressures lead to diversity, diverging from a cohesive unit

A

nominalistic species concept

104
Q

what is the ploidy of the sporophyte generation

A

diploid (2n)

105
Q

what is the ploidy of the gamete generation

A

haploid (n)

106
Q

what does the sporophyte generation produce

A

haploid spores by meiosis

107
Q

what does the final product of the gametophyte generation

A

diploid zygote by fertilization

108
Q

what is the life cycle involving sexual reproduction that alternates between the diploid sporophyte phase and haploid gametophyte phase

A

alternation of generations

109
Q

what plant form develops from zygotes and produce sporocytes

A

sporophytes

110
Q

what plant form develops from spores to form cells or sexual structures then forming gametes by mitosis for fertilization

A

gametophytes

111
Q

what type of cell division changes the sporophyte generation into the gametophyte generation

A

meiosis, 2n to n

112
Q

the class cyanobacteria contains

A

blue-green bacteria

113
Q

do cyanobacteria have chlorophyll

A

Yes, chlorophyll a (also phycobilins)

114
Q

what is cyanophycin

A

nitrogenous food reserve formed by cyanobacteria

115
Q

do cyanobacteria undergo mitosis

A

NO, binary fission

116
Q

what class of organisms are thought to be responsible for atmospheric oxygen accumulation 1 billion years ago, supporting new forms of aerobic respiration?

A

cyanobacteria

117
Q

why are cyanobacteria important to humans?

A

bottom of many food chains, nitrogen fixation, may produce antibodies and may increase water oxygen levels

118
Q

400 million years ago, what gave rise to land plants by transitioning to land from water?

A

green algae

119
Q

what type of green algae is likely an indirect ancestor of land plants

A

coleochaete

120
Q

6 phyla, chlorophyta, chromophyta, rhodophyta, euglenophyta, dinophyta, cryptophyta, are found in what kingdom?

A

Protista

121
Q

the following features are of what kingdom: unicellular to multicellular, varied nutrition, varied lifecycles, reproduction commonly by cell division and sexual processes, store food as starch

A

Kingdom Protista

122
Q

in what Kingdom are algae found?

A

Protista

123
Q

from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
unicellular, filamentous, platelike colonies, net-like leaves. Variety of habitats, have chlorophyll a & b, single nucleus per cell, reproduce sexually and asexually

A

Green Algae

124
Q

from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
commonly in freshwater pools, unicellular, paired whip-like flagella, two contractile vacuoles for water regulation, single cup-shaped chloroplast with pyrenoids, red eyespot

A

Chlamydomonas

125
Q

are algae plants?

A

NO

126
Q

from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
filamentous with holdfast at the base, wide+curved+flat chloroplasts with one to several pyrenoids

A

Ulothrix

127
Q

from phylum Chlorophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
filaments of cylindrical cells, found in masses on still freshwater, ribbon-shaped chloroplasts and wrapped around vacuoles with pyrenoids at regular intervals. Sexual reproduction by conjugation: tubes transferring protoplasts, forming a zygote.

A

Spirogyra (watersilk)

128
Q

Chlorella, Desmids, Volvox and Ulvas are other types of

A

green algae

129
Q

from phylum Chromophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
unicellular, look like ornate glass boxes, found in fresh and saltwater, chlorophylls a & c and fucoxanthin, asexually reproduce

A

the Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)

130
Q 
from phylum Chromophyta, which species has the following characteristics: 
relatively large (not unicellular), found in cold shallow water, chlorophyll a & c and fucoxanthin Thallus differentiated into holdfast, stipe and blades
A

Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae)

131
Q

from phylum Rhydophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
in warmer and deeper waters than brown algae, tightly packed filaments that appear to be flattened blades/branches, colour mostly due to phycobilins, chlorophylls a&b, produce agar

A

Red Algae

132
Q

from phylum Euglenophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
no cell wall but has a pellicle, gullet ingests food, flagella, 1/3 have disc-shaped chloroplasts (photosynthesis and phagocytosis)

A

the Euglenoids

133
Q

proteinaceous structures associated with starch synthesis in some chlorophyta

A

pyrenoids

134
Q

from phylum Dinophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
produce “red tides”, cellulose-filled armour plates, 2 flagella at intersecting grooves, disc-shaped chloroplasts being xanthophyll pigments and chlorophylls a&c, almost half are non-photosynthetic and rather ingest food, eyespot.

A

Dinoflagellates

135
Q

from phylum Chryptophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
marine and freshwater, 2 flagellates, plates inside plasma membrane, two-lobes chloroplasts, nucleomorph

A

Chryptomonads

136
Q

from phylum Chryptophyta, which species has the following characteristics:
shallow freshwater, precipitate calcium salts, multicellular antheridia, axis with short lateral branches in whorls, sexual reproduction is oogamous

A

the Stonewarts

137
Q

are bryophytes associated with mychorrizal fungi?

A

Yes

138
Q

mosses, liverworts and hornworts are

A

bryophytes

139
Q

what features do plants and algae share

A
  1. chlorophylls and carotenoids
  2. starch food reserve,
  3. cellulose in cell walls
  4. phragmoplasts and cell plate during cell division
140
Q

Phylum Hepaticophyta is the

A

Liverworts

141
Q

Phylum Antherocerophyta is the

A

Hornworts

142
Q

Phylum Bryophyta is the

A

Mosses

143
Q

do bryophytes have vascular tissue

A

NO

144
Q

of the Bryophytes, which phyla have the following characteristics:
20% flattened lobed thalli (Marchantia), 80% leafy. May produce protonema. Thalloid anchored by single-celled rhizoids

A

Hepaticophyta/Liverworts

145
Q

What is Marchantia

A

Thalloid form of Hepaticophyta/Liverworts

146
Q

How do Marchantia asexually reproduce

A

Gemmae are tiny lens-shaped tissue developing in gemmae cups that fall from the thallus.

147
Q

How do Marchantia sexually reproduce

A

alternation of generations

148
Q

of the Bryophytes, which phyla have the following characteristics:
mature sporophytes look like black rods whereas gametophytes are “crawling” underneath

A

Anthocerophyta/Hornworts

149
Q

how do Anthocerophyta/Hornworts asexually reproduce

A

fragmentation of the thallus

150
Q

how do Anthocerophyta/Hornworts sexually reproduce

A

alternation of generations: long slender sporocyte disperses spores with the help of elaters to the gymnosperms beneath

151
Q

which species concept is not very useful for species classification because some plants readily hybridize with other groups

A

interbreeding concept

152
Q

do blue-green bacteria have chloroplasts

A

NO

153
Q

of the Bryophytes, which phyla have the following characteristics:
“leaves” are one cell think blades and are never lobed or divided. axis are stemlike and have no vascular tissue.

A

Bryophyta/Mosses

154
Q

what are the 3 classes of mosses

A

peat, true and rock moss

155
Q

what characteristics appeared with vascular plant (ferns) evolution

A
  1. internal conducting tissue
  2. true leaves
  3. true roots
  4. gametophyte generation progressively gets smaller
156
Q

The 4 phyla, Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta are

A

Seedless vascular plants

157
Q

of the Seedless vascular plants, which phyla have the following characteristics:
sporophytes (dominant) have enations rather than leaves, no roots resembling small green whisk brooms. Gametophytes develop from spores underground.

A

Psilophyta (the whisk fern)

158
Q

tiny green superficially leaflike, veinless, photosynthetic flaps of tissue found on whisk ferns

A

Enations

159
Q

of the Seedless vascular plants, which phyla have the following characteristics:
true roots and stems, true leaves/microphylls

A

Lycophyta (ground pines, spike mosses and quillworts)

160
Q

ground pines, spike mosses and quillworts are the common species in what Phyla

A

Lycophyta

161
Q

of the Seedless vascular plants, which phyla have the following characteristics:
less than 1.3m tall, branched and unbranched forms, hollow central cavity due to pith breakdown and two cylinders surrounding the pith: carnal canals, vallecular canals

A

Equisetophyta

162
Q

what are the two major genera within Phylum Lycophyta

A

Lycopodium and Selanginella

163
Q

what are the three genera within Phylum Lycophyta

A

Lycopodium, Selanginella and Isoetes

164
Q

in simple terms, what is a lichen

A

a fungus and an alga (or blue-green bacterium) intimately associated within a spongey thallus

165
Q

what characteristic of lichens allow them to withstand alternating dry periods

A

gelatinous substance in thallus

166
Q

each lichen has its own unique BLANK association and is identified according to this

A

Fungus

167
Q

what are the 3 major groups of lichens based on growth

A

crustose, foliose, fruticose

168
Q

of the 3 Lichen groups, which group has the following characteristics:
attached/embedded on/in a substrate, covering the surface

A

Crustose

169
Q

of the 3 Lichen groups, which group has the following characteristics:
Contain leaf-like thalli which often overlap

A

Foliose

170
Q

of the 3 Lichen groups, which group has the following characteristics:
Resemble miniature upright shrubs/bushes or hang down in festoons from branches

A

Fruticose

171
Q

archegoniophores and antheridiophores are characteristics of

A

thalloid liverworts (Marchantia)

172
Q

each diamond-shaped segment of a liverwort thallus contains a single …

A

pore

173
Q

Liverworts and hornworts are members of the

A

Bryophytes

174
Q

an elongated food conducting cell like phloem found in mosses

A

leptoids

175
Q

what is the difference between bryophytes and Bryophyta

A

bryophytes are a group of three different non-vascular plants: liverworts hornworts and mosses whereas Bryophyta is the phylum for mosses

176
Q

How many species does the Ginko phylum contain?

A

ONE

177
Q

seed plants with “naked” seeds are known as

A

gymnosperms

178
Q

in gymnosperms, seeds and pollen are often produced on BLANK arranged into cones

A

sporophylls (megasporophylls and microsporophylls)

179
Q

the four phyla, pinophyta, ginkophyta, cycadophyta and gnetophyta are classified as

A

Gymnosperms

180
Q

of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
bear distinct strobili (cones) and have needlelike leaves arranged in clusters called fascicles.

A

Pinophyta/the Conifers

181
Q

what is the largest genus within phylum pinophyta

A

Pinus

182
Q

of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
notched, broad, fan-shaped leaves with evenly forked veins. Have plum-like seeds enclosed in fleshy covering on female plant yet are not fruits.

A

Ginkophyta (ginkos)

183
Q

of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
looks like a mix of fern and palm. Has either a male or female strobili in the centre. Endangered!

A

Cycadophyta (cycads)

184
Q

of the Gymnosperms, which phylum has the following characteristics:
Vessels and trachea are neatly bound within xylem

A

Gnetophyta

185
Q

one-two layers of thick-walled cells located below the epidermis of some conifers preventing water loss and protecting from harsh conditions

A

the Hypodermis

186
Q

Conifer wood can be differentiated into two types based on the presence of vessels and fibres. What are the

A

softwood and hardwood

187
Q

how many years does it take for conifer seed cones to mature

A

2 years

188
Q

Gymnosperms such as Yew, California nutmeg, Podocarps, Ginko and Junipers have BLANK seeds

A

fleshy, yet are NOT FRUITS

189
Q

Are Ginkos Monecious or Dioecious? What does this mean?

A

Dioecious: male and female structures are grown on separate trees therefore there are distinct male trees and female trees

190
Q

Which ginko tree has a foul odour and why

A

Female, odour coming from seeds within a fleshy coat

191
Q

which gymnosperm phyla have dioecious plants

A

Ginkophyta and Cycadophyta

192
Q

which phyla of the gymnosperms have vessels in their xylem

A

Gnetophyta

193
Q

Ephedra, Gnetum and Wilwitschia are the 3 most abundant genera of the phylum

A

Gnetophyta

194
Q

BLANK has neither true leaves or roots

A

Psilotum/whisk ferns

195
Q

a spike moss (selaginella) microspore has the potential to develop into

A

a male gametophyte

196
Q

the common name for Lycopodium is the “ground pine”: because its BLANK morphologically resemble little conifers

A

sporophyte

197
Q

the semi-transparent tissue/membrane that protects immature sporangia in many ferns is called an

A

indusium

198
Q

in ferns, meiosis occurs in

A

sporangium

199
Q

difference between sporophyte and sporangia is

A

Sporophyte: a plant generation that produces spores by meiosis in order to produce gametophytes:
Sporangia: case/capsule in which spores are produced by an organism

200
Q

after fertilization, the integument of gymnosperms becomes a

A

seed coat

201
Q

phylum Magnoliophyta contains

A

flowering plants!

202
Q

What are the two major classes of Magnoliophyta

A

Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (monocots)

203
Q

BLANK are flowering plants that have seeds enclosed within a BLANK

A

Angiosperms, carpel

204
Q

flowering plants that do not photosynthesize and feed off of other plants with hostoria, causing negative effect/killing the host plant

A

parasitic flowering plants

205
Q

flowering plants that both photosynthesize and have the ability to absorb nutrients from the soil

A

saprophytes

206
Q

are flowering plants homosporous or heterosporous? What does this mean?

A

Heterosporous. Have two types of spores (mega and micro)

207
Q

flowering female gametophyte: diploid BLANK differentiates into an ovule, undergoing meiosis to produce 4 haploid BLANK. 3/4 degenerate.

A

Megasporocyte (mother cell), Megaspores

208
Q

What happens to the only surviving megaspore of a flowering plant’s female gametophyte

A
  1. enlarges, the nucleus divides to produce 8 nuclei
  2. outer 2 layers become the integument, later becoming the seed coat
  3. micropyle is found at one end to receive sperm
209
Q

within a flowering plant at maturity, the male gametophyte consists of a BLANK with BLANK and 2 BLANK

A

germinated pollen grain, vegetative nucleus, sperm

210
Q

how are the 8 nuclei arranged in the megagametophyte from a flowering plant’s female gametophyte

A

the 8 nuclei form two groups of 4 at either end. One nucleus from each group migrates to the centre to form the central nuclei

211
Q

where is the male gametophyte of flowering plants formed

A

anthers

212
Q

what are the 3 important changes the flowering plant’s microspores undergo to become pollen grains

A
  1. divide by mitosis to form a small generative cell inside the larger tube cell
  2. microspore walls become two-layered, the outer wall being the exine
  3. generative nucleus divides, producing two sperm
213
Q

what is the exine of flowering plants microspores and what is it’s purpose

A

a sculpted outer wall of the microspore containing chemicals that may or may not react with the stigma’s chemicals to produce a pollen tube. This ensures that the pollen received is only used for fertilization if it is from a compatible breeding species

214
Q

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

A

pollenation

215
Q

union of sperm and egg

A

fertilization

216
Q

pollen grains germinate on a stigma from the same flower

A

self-pollination

217
Q

during the growth of the pollen tube towards the micropyle of the ovule, the BLANK stays at the tip while the BLANK lags behind and divides into two sperm

A

vegetative nucleus, generative cell

218
Q

do the leaves of mosses have stomata, petioles, mesophyll or veins?

A

NO, not vascular plants

219
Q

whisk ferns produce sporangia on the upper surface of leaf-like flaps of tissue called

A

enations

220
Q

the largest phylum of the plant kingdom, with over 250,000 known species, is

A

Magnoliophyta

221
Q

meiosis occurs in the microsporangia and the

A

developing ovule (cells inside undergoing meiosis)

222
Q

a special form of fertilization only seen in Magnoliophyta is called BLANK

A

double fertilization

223
Q

double fertilization occurs when one BLANK unites with the BLANK forming a zygote and later an embryo while the second BLANK unites with the BLANK

A

sperm and egg, sperm and the 2 central cell nuclei

224
Q

what do the united sperm and central nuclei produce

A

triploid endosperm developing into endosperm tissue that serves as the embryo food source

225
Q

in special cases of female angiosperm gametophyte development, the gametophyte can have BLANK to BLANK nuclei/cells at maturity. This means the endosperm does not have to be triploid!

A

4-16

226
Q

BLANK is when fruits develop from ovaries with unfertilized eggs resulting in seedless fruit

A

parthenocarpy

227
Q

BLANK produces fruit without the fusion of gametes (without fertilization) but with the other normal structures involved, resulting in an asexually/vegetatively propagated plant

A

apomixis

228
Q

flowering plants with separate carpels indicate that the flower species evolved BLANK in evolution

A

early

229
Q

flowering plants with fused carpels that form a compound pistil of several carpels indicate that the flower species evolved BLANK in evolution

A

later

230
Q

when the ovary is enclosed within the receptacle and other flower parts are fused atop of the ovary, the ovary position is

A

Inferior ovary (epigynous flowers)

231
Q

when the ovary is produced atop of the receptacle with the other flower parts fused to its base, the ovary position is

A

Superior ovary (hypogynous flowers)

232
Q

when the floral parts are fused to the corolla, creating. a floral tube that is not attached to the ovary, the flower is called

A

Perigynous flowers

233
Q

a flower that has all 4 whorls

A

complete flower

234
Q

a flower that is missing the corolla/other flower parts

A

incomplete flower

235
Q

a flower that has both male and female parts

A

perfect flower

236
Q

a flower that has either male or female parts, not both

A

imperfect flower

237
Q

are the following characteristics those of early or later evolving flowers:
simple leaves, numerous spirally arranged not fused parts, radial symmetry, complete and perfect, superior ovary

A

EARLY

238
Q

are the following characteristics those of early or later evolving flowers:
fewer floral parts, compressed spiral arrangements into whorls, bilateral symmetry, inferior ovary

A

LATER

239
Q

based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
brightly coloured, usually blue or yellow, often have lines/distinctive markings which may function as a guide that sometimes are only visible in UV light

A

Bees

240
Q

based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
strong, yeasty spicey or fruity odour. White or dull in colour. Some do not secrete nectar but furnish pollen/food on petals in special storage cells

A

Beetles

241
Q

based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
smell like rotten meat, dull red or brown

A

Flies

242
Q

based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
sweet fragrances, white or yellow for one species, red/blue/yellow/orange for the other, nectaries at the bases of corolla tubes only accessible by long tongues

A

Moth(white/yellow) and Butterfly (red/blue/yellow/orange)

243
Q

BLANK are popular flowers for butterfly gardens

A

Lantanas

244
Q

based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
bright blue, red or yellow. little if any odour, large and sturdy, copious amounts of nectar, long floral tubes

A

Birds

245
Q

based on the following characteristics, what organism is likely to pollinate this flower:
primarily in the tropics, open at night, dull in colour, large flower OR ball like inflorescence of many small flowers

A

Bats

246
Q

this type of flower can be pollinated by multiple pollinators or have extraordinary one-to-one adaptations for a specific pollinator

A

Orchids

247
Q

libraries of dried pressed plants, algae and fungi that are arranged and labelled

A

herbarium

Botany (3 decks)

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