Test 1 Flashcards
The study of plants
Botany
A tentative unproven explanation for an observation
Hypothesis
A test to determine if a hypothesis is correct
Experiment
Results from an experiment
Data
Useful generalization derived from experimental data
Principle
Grouping of related principles
Theory
The study of internal plant structure (tissue and cell structure of plant organs)
Plant Anatomy
The study of plant function (physical, chemical and biological functioning of plants)
Plant Physiology
The study of defining, describing and classifying plants.. Also developing methods to classify plants (plant systematics)
Plant Taxonomy
The study of plant distribution
Plant Geography
The study of plant-environment interaction
Plant Ecology
The study of the form and structure of plants
Plant Morphology
The study of the hereditary of plants
Plant Genetics
The study of cell structure and function
Plant Cell Biology
The study of the practical uses of plants
Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
The study of food, fibre and oil production of plant products
Agronomy
Cultivation of plants for human use
Horticulture
When were cells discovered and by who?
1665, Hooke
All living organisms are composed of cells and cells form a unifying structural basis of organization
Cell Theory
Who discovered the nucleus?
Brown 1831
Who first argued against spontaneous generation in 1858?
Virchow
Who disproved spontaneous generation by boiling broth and cooling in sealed and unsealed flasks?
Pasteur
Increase magnification as light passes through a series of transparent glass
Light Microscope
In this light microscope, light passes through thinly sliced material and can distinguish organelles 2mm in diameter or larger. Can magnify to 1500x
Compound Microscope
This light microscope allows for 3-D viewing of opaque objects and can magnify up to 30x
Dissecting Microscope/Stereomicroscope
These microscopes use a beam of electrons produced when high-voltage electricity is passed through a wire
Electron Microscopes
This type of electron microscope can magnify up to 200,000x but the material must be extremely thin. Living objects can’t be observed.
Transmission Electron Microscope
This type of electron microscope can magnify up to 10,000x. Surface details can be observed on thin objects.
Scanning Electron Microscope
This type of cell lacks a nucleus, a cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA
Prokaryotic Cell
This cell type contains a nucleus, has a cell wall in plants, plasma membrane, nucleus & DNA, membrane-bound organelles and has a cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cells
Membrane-bound bodies found within Eukaryotic cells
Organelles
The theory that some organelles evolved when a large Eukaryotic cell engulfed independent prokaryotic cells
Endosymbiotic Theory
Cells should have a “blank” to surface to volume ratio for efficient cellular communication. This makes smaller cells more efficient
Large
Main structural component of the cell wall
Cellulose
A part of the cell wall matrix; holds cellulose fibrils together
Hemicellulose
A part of the cell wall matrix; gives stiffness
Pectin
A part of the cell wall matrix; proteins with associated sugars
Glycoproteins
This layer of pectin shared by two adjacent cell walls and is first produced when new cell walls are formed
Middle Lamella
What type of walls are laid down on either side of the middle lamella (they are flexible)?
Primary Walls
What type of walls are produced inside the primary walls of plant cells?
Secondary Walls
Where is Lignin found?
mature and developing Secondary Walls
How do cells communicate
passage of fluid between adjacent cells through Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings
Plasmodesmata
Semi-permeable outer layer of the living part of the cell, regulating movement into and out of the cell
Plasma Membrane
What structures make up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail) as well as hydrophobic glycoproteins and proteins dispersed throughout, come creating channels
Shows the plasma membrane is a dynamic model
Fluid Mosaic Model
What structure provides the selective permeability and osmosis of the plasma membrane?
Protein channels
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Osmosis moves from “-“ to “-“ concentrations
High to Low
The control centre of the cell, containing the DNA
Nucleus
How many membranes does the nucleus have?
2
What are the two membranes of the nucleus called?
Nuclear membrane
What type of fluid is found in the nucleus?
Nucleoplasm
Found within the nucleus and composed primarily of RNA
Nucleolus
Found within the nucleus, composed of DNA and proteins which coil into chromosomes
Chromatin Strands
What comes before the Hypothesis in the scientific method?
Observations unexplained by previous theories or principles
Which organelles are NOT bound by membranes and therefore not correctly classified as organelles?
Ribosomes
An enclosed space of flattened sacs and tubes throughout the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Rectilium
What cell structure facilitates cellular communication, channelling of materials, membrane synthesis and modifies proteins?
Endoplasmic Rectilium
Studded with ribosomes, associated with protein synthesis and storage
Rough ER
Devoid of ribosomes, associated with lipid secretion
Smooth ER
Where are the two subunits of the ribosomes assembled?
Nucleolus
What are Ribosomes made of?
2 subunits of Protein and RNA
What cell component links amino acids to construct complex proteins?
Ribosomes
Where can ribosomes be found?
Rough ER, chloroplasts, mitochondria and cytoplasm
Stacks of flattened discs or vesicles which modify carbs attached to proteins and collect polysaccharides into vesicles?
Dictyosomes
What happens when vesicles are pinched off from Dictyosomes?
Travel to plasma membrane, fuse with it and discard contents outside the cell.
What can be contained within vesicles from Dictyosomes for disposal?
floral nectars, polysaccharides, essential oils
Most conspicuous plastid
Chloroplast
Found within cloroplast, a stack of coin-like thylakoids
Grana
A single coin within a stack of Granum, contains chlorophyll
Thylakoid
What is the matrix of enzymes found within chloroplast?
Stroma
A type of plastid that synthesizes and accumulates carotenoids (yellow/orange/red)
Chromoplasts
Colourless plastids are known as
Leucoplasts
What organelle releases energy from cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is found within the Mitochondria’s matrix?
DNA, RNA, ribosomes and proteins
What organelles have double membranes as well as their own DNA and ribosomes, suggesting the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
What is the vacuolar membrane called?
Tonoplasts
An organelle that takes up 90% of the cell at maturity and is filled with watery cell-sap
Vacuoles
What is the function of vacuolar cell sap?
maintain cell pH, pressure and storage
What red/blue/purple pigment is found within the vacuole?
Anthocyanins
A structure involved in movement and strength within the cell
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of…
Microtubules and Microfilaments
What do microtubules do?
Control the addition of cellulose to cell walls, flagella and cilia movement, and are found in fibres of dividing cells (hollow)
What do microfilaments do?
Cytoplasmic Streaming
The orderly series of events when cells divide, comprised of two phases
Cell Cycle
Takes up 90% of cell cycle when cells are NOT dividing
Interphase
Interphase phase when cells increase in size
G1 Phase
Interphase phase when DNA replicates
S Phase
Interphase phase where mitochondria and organelles divide and microtubules are produced
G2 Phase
Process of nuclear division
Mitosis
Where does mitosis occur?
Meristems of plants
What is the result of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells
Chromosomes are made up of two identical … held together by …
chromatids, centromere
Mitosis phase, chromosomes condense, spindle fibres attach to kinetochore of centromere. Nucleolus disintegrates and nuclear envelope is dissociated
Prophase
Mitosis phase, chromosomes align at centre of cell
Metaphase
Mitosis Phase, sister chromatids are pulled apart, spindle fibres shorten and pull chromatids to poles
Anaphase
Mitosis Phase, daughter chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reappear, phragmoplasts and cell plate form at centre cell
Telophase
phragmoplast trap dictyosome-derived vesicles, guiding them towards the equator, fuse and form a
Cell Plate
What forms the plasmodesmata in cell plates?
trapped portions of ER
What structure is formed of RNA and associated proteins inside the nucleus?
Nucleolus
a group of cells performing a similar function
Tissue
a collection of tissues that form a specialized unit for a specific function
Organ
Permanent regions of growth and active cell division
Meristems
Meristems found at root and shoot tips
Apical meristems
Growth in length
Primary Growth
Growth in girth
Secondary Growth
What three primary meristems develop from the apical meristem
procambium, ground tissue and protoderm
Type of meristems responsible for secondary growth
Lateral meristems
A lateral meristem that produces tissues that function in support and conduction, extending the length of roots and shoot
Vascular Cambium
A lateral meristem that produces bark and lies outside the vascular cambium
Cork Cambium
Special meristems that have cells dividing at the base of leaf blades and/or nodes adding to stem length to plants without a vascular or cork cambium
Intercalary Meristems
A tissue that consists of one type of cell
Simple tissue
A simple tissue cell that is thin, flexible, living, with spaces between cells
Parenchyma Cells
What is the most common simple tissue cell type?
Parenchyma
What are the three types of Parenchyma cells?
Aerenchyma (connected by air spaces), Chlorenchyma (in chloroplasts) and Transfer Cells (extensions to transfer substances)
A simple tissue cell that is strong and pliable with uneven thickness and is living
Collenchyma Cells
A simple tissue cell with even thickness, dead at maturity, impregnated with lignin for support (secondary walls)
Sclerenchyma Cells
Two types of Schlerenchyma Cells are …
Sclerids (scattered in tissue and as long as they are wide) and Fibers (much longer than they are wide and contain a lumen)
What is a lumen and where can it be found?
a small cavity within sclerenchyma fibers
A tissue composed of two or more cell types
Complex Tissue
A complex tissue responsible for mineral and water conduction from roots
Xylem
What are the 5 cells Xylem is composed of?
Parenchyma, Fibres, Trachieds, Vessels and Ray Cells
long tubes made of vessel elements that stack on top of each other, thick, open at both ends, has a perforation plate
Vessels
Tapered tubes with pairs of pits (no secondary wall to allow water to pass) with thick secondary walls
Tracheids
Function in lateral conduction and food storage, composed of old parenchyma cells
Ray Cells
Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis
Phloem
What are the 5 cells Phloem is composed of?
Parenchyma, Fibres, Sieve Tube Elements, Companion Cells and Ray Cells
Lack of a secondary wall and nuclei. Lay end to end and have sieve plates
Sieve Tube Members
What is the function of Sieve Plates?
Form callose plugs to stop flow when plant cells are damaged, preventing loss of food
Aid in food conduction by controlling with nucleus
Companion cells
A complex tissue that is a protective out layer composed of mostly parenchyma cells, guard cells, stomata and hairs
Epidermis
Fatty substance secreted to form a layer over the epidermis to prevent water loss that forms the…
Cuticle
This complex tissue replaces the epidermis when cork cambium starts producing bark
Periderm
Loosely arranged pockets of Parenchyma cells within the Periderm/bark that are responsible for gas exchange
Lenticels
Are Mitochondria larger than plastids?
No
Do mitochondria have circular DNA?
Yes
In roots and shoots, what does the protoderm, ground tissue and procambium give rise to?
epidermis, cortex and pith, primary Xylem and Phloem
Composed of apical meristem
Region of Cell Division
Cells become several times longer and vacuoles emerge
Region of Elongation
Cells differentiate - marked by root hairs
Region of Maturation
In ROOTS, what is the name of the parenchyma cells between the vascular cylinder and epidermis that’s used for food storage?
Cortex
Inner boundary of the cortex consisting of a single layer of cells
Endodermis
Where are Casparian Strips found?
in the Endodermis of Roots
The core of tissues inside the endodermis is…
Vascular Cylinder
Outer boundary of the vascular cylinder, forming lateral roots
Pericycle
In dicot roots, the Xylem and Phloem are arranged as
Xylem is an x with “arms”
In monocot roots, the Xylem and Phloem are arranged as…
rings with xylem just outside the pith and phloem outside the xylem
Xylem is produced … the vascular cambium and phloem is produced …
inside, outside
Growth that stops
Determinate Growth
Growth that does not stop
Indeterminate growth
A specialized root that stores starch and other carbs (sweet potatoes, carrots, radishes)
Food Storage Roots
Specialized root that store water (pumpkin family and plants in arid regions)
Water Storage Roots
Specialized root that have adventitious buds that develop into suckers above ground
Propagative Roots
Specialized root that grows in water with their surfaces above water for gas exchange
Pneumatophores lol pneumonia (let em breathe!)
Specialized Aerial roots are
Velamen Roots, Prop Roots and roots for climbing
Specialized root that pull plant deeper into the soil
Contractile Roots
Specialized root that are tall roots used for stability in shallow soil
Buttress Roots
Specialized root that has no chlorophyll and depends on other chlorophyll bearing plants for nutrition
Parasitic Roots
Plant roots form associations with…
Mycorrhizae (fungi)
